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1 NAIST-IS-MR CAPTCHA

2 ( )

3 CAPTCHA Web CAPTCHA(Computer Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) CAPTCHA OCR(Optical Character Recognition) CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA,,,,, NAIST-IS-MR , i

4 A Survey of Image-Based CAPTCHA and A Consideration of Applying Biometrics Anri Arakaki Abstract Machine attacks using automated programs for web services are frequently occurring. Therefore, CAPTCHAs are used to prevent these machine attacks. Text-based CAPTCHAs were widely used, but with the development of OCR technologies, machine attacks become be able to break them. For this reason, researches on new CAPTCHAs have been actively conducted in recent years. In this paper, we study the the future direction of research on CAPTCHA considering recent it and image processing technologies. Analysis of research on CAPTCHAs and image analysis techniques revealed that most of the current CAPTCHAs are visual and researches which enable human-like decision and analysis are on going. Therefore, we considered the application of biometrics to CAPTCHA as a method to increase the possibility of reliably distinguishing between humans and machines. we cited Face Recognition by In Camera as a case of it. This example has features such as invalidating machine attacks, but it remains problems such as on privacy. In addition, we pointed out the development of them with relay attack tolerance and reestablishment of standards for maintaining safety as a future works. Keywords: CAPTCHA, machine attack, cognitive ability, image processing, biometrics Master s Report, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST-IS-MR , March 15, ii

5 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA GISTCHA Directcha CAPTCHA iii

6 Google Cloud Video Intelligence API CAPTCHA CAPTCHA iv

7 1 CAPTCHA ( [1] ) CAPTCHA ( [2] ) CAPTCHA ( [3] ) CAPTCHA ( [4] ) CAPTCHA ( [5] ) Asirra ( [6] p.366 ) CAPTCHA ( [7] p.2235 ) CAPTCHA ( [8] p.5 ) Avatar CAPTCHA ( [9],p3 ) SS-CAPTCHA ( [10], p7 ) CAPTCHA ( [11] p.2328 ) GISTCHA( [12] p.5145 ) GISTCHA( [12] p.5149 ) GISTCHA ( [12] p.5147 ) Cognometric CAPTCHA YUNiTi CAPTCHA ( [13] p.2 ) Sepatiometric CAPTCHA Directcha ( [13] p.3 ) EmojiCHA ( [14] p.288 ) ( [15] ) ( [15] ) Google Cloud Video Intelligence API ( [16] ) iphone X Face ID ( [17] ) Sleep Cycle alarm clock ( [18] ) v

8 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA GISTCHA : Directcha YUNiTi CAPTCHA CAPTCHA vi

9 Web CAPTCHA(Computer Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) CAPTCHA CAPTCHA OCR(Optical Character Recognition) CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 1.2 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 1

10 2. CAPTCHA 1.1 CAPTCHA Web CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 2.1 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 2003 Ahn Blum Hopper Langford[19] 2000 Yahoo! Microsoft [19] CAPTCHA IP 2

11 21,000 1,000 Web Web html Web CAPTCHA USB CAPTCHA Web CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 2011 CAPTCHA 3

12 1 CAPTCHA ( [1] ) 2.2 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 1 CAPTCHA OCR CAPTCHA [20] 3D [21] CAPTCHA CAPTCHA [22] [23] CAPTCHA 2 4

13 2 CAPTCHA ( [2] ) CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 3 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 3 CAPTCHA B D CAPTCHA [24] [25] 5

14 3 CAPTCHA ( [3] ) CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 4 CAPTCHA OCR CAPTCHA CAPTCHA [26] [8] CAPTCHA 5 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 6

15 4 CAPTCHA ( [4] ) CAPTCHA [27] [28] CAPTCHA 2.3 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA [29] 3 [12] [7][8] 3 7

16 5 CAPTCHA ( [5] ) CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 3 CAPTCHA [6] Token Bucket Scheme 3 2 IP 4,096 CAPTCHA 8

17 CAPTCHA 3DCG CAPTCHA 3DCG [30] CAPTCHA OCR CAPTCHA CAPTCHA [31] Support Vector Machine (SVN) 9

18 3. CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 2011 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA OCR [32] CAPTCHA [33] Asirra [6] Assira Asirra 6 1 Asirra [34] 4 CAPTCHA [7] 4 10

19 6 Asirra ( [6] p.366 ) CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 4 CAPTCHA 7 4 1, 4, 3, CAPTCHA 3 4 CAPTCHA 11

20 7 4 CAPTCHA ( [7] p.2235 ) % 28.5 s CAPTCHA ( 1) CAPTCHA 4 CAPTCHA 3 CAPTCHA 6 4 CAPTCHA 12

21 % s % s CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 8 CAPTCHA ( [8] p.5 ) CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 13

22 3 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 2 90 % 100 % 100 % 100 % CAPTCHA CAPTCHA [8] CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 8 CAPTCHA 1 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 2 3 CAPTCHA 14

23 4 CAPTCHA 30 s 5 s 1/ s 2 s 1/14 4 CAPTCHA 2 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 6 CAPTCHA 6 1 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 1 Avatar CAPTCHA[9] SS-CAPTCHA[35] Avatar CAPTCHA CG CAPTCHA 15

24 9 Avatar CAPTCHA CAPTCHA D Souza Avatar CAPTCHA CAPTCHA [36] SS-CAPTCHA 10 SS-CAPTCHA 9 Avatar CAPTCHA ( [9],p3 ) 16

25 10 SS-CAPTCHA ( [10], p7 ) [9][35] CAPTCHA 2 3DCG [11] CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 3DCG %

26 11 CAPTCHA ( [11] p.2328 ) CAPTCHA 4 CAPTCHA Web 3DCG CAPTCHA Web 3.3 CAPTCHA 3 CAPTCHA 18

27 3.3.1 GISTCHA CAPTCHA [34][37] [31][38][39] CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA Yang CAPTCHA GISTCHA [12] GISTCHA Yang GISTCHA 2 1 ( 12) (DDR) ( 13) GISTCHA GISTCHA( [12] p.5145 ) 12(a) 12(b) CAPTCHA DDR CAPTCHA GISTCHA Web 19

28 13 GISTCHA( [12] p.5149 ) CAPTCHA GISTCHA 12(b) GISTCHA 6 CAPTCHA 20

29 14 GISTCHA ( [12] p.5147 ) 5 GISTCHA GISTCHA DDR 95 % 90 % GISTCHA Yang 3 DDR 2 GISTCHA DDR 90% ( 5) GISTCHA DDR Yang 50 3 DDR Yang GISTCHA 21

30 CAPTCHA DDR Directcha CAPTCHA 1 [35][9] YUNiTi CAPTCHA [40] YUNiTi CAPTCHA Cognometric CAPTCHA YUNiTi CAPTCHA CAPTCHA Spatiometric CAPTCHA [13] CAPTCHA 4 8 Directcha 22

31 15 Cognometric CAPTCHA YUNiTi CAPTCHA ( [13] p.2 ) YUNiTi CAPTCHA 4 4 Directcha 4 YUNiTi CAPTCHA 4 6 Directcha YUNiTi CAPTCHA 90% YUNiTi CAPTCHA 1 Directcha 90%

32 16 Sepatiometric CAPTCHA Directcha ( [13] p.3 ) Directcha 3 Directcha 90% DCG 3.4 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 24

33 6 1: Directcha YUNiTi CAPTCHA CAPTCHA % 1.52 s Directcha % 1.80 s % 1.44 s YUNiTi % 1.64 s 17 EmojiCHA ( [14] p.288 ) CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA [41][42] [6][43][44] CAPTCHA CAPTCHA [45] [34] CAPTCHA Lorenzi CAPTCHA EmojiTCHA Lorenzi CAPTCHA [14] CAPTCHA 25

34 Microsoft Project Oxford API Face API Emotion API anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness surprise 8 Lorenzi % 90% EmojiTCHA EmojiTCHA CAPTCHA 6 7 CAPTCHA Directcha CAPTCHA Diretcha 26

35 27

36 7 CAPTCHA 6 CAPTCHA X OCR X 4 X X X GISTCHA X Directcha EmojiTCHA X 28

37 Google API [15] ( 18) ( 19) [46] CAPTCHA [47] 4.2 Google Cloud Video Intelligence API Google API [16] Google Cloud Video Intelligence API Labels Shots API Labels Shots 29

38 図 18 消失領域の復元技術による画像中の不要なオブジェクトの除去 (文献 [15] より引用) は それぞれシーンに含まれる要素とその信頼度を示すスコアが付与されている つまり この API を利用することで どのタイミングで 何が動画中に映ってい るかを容易に判断することが可能となった 図 20 は 左側に分析中の動画とその再 生位置を 右側に Labels を表している これらのことから 新規の CAPTCHA を提案する場合は一般的な CAPTCHA への攻撃耐性の評価のみならず 利用す るコンテンツに関わるメディア処理技術にも注目することが重要になってくると 考えられる 紹介した事例のように 現状の CAPTCHA は視覚的に作用するものが大体を 占めている しかし 画像や動画の解析技術は向上する一方に加えて 解析技術 は 人間らしい 判断 解析が可能となるような研究が進められていることがわ かった このことから 将来的には視覚的な CAPTCHA チャレンジを解析する 技術は多く確立する可能性が高いと言えるのではないか そのため 現状のまま では文字型 CAPTCHA のように 新しい手法が確立しては解析突破されて と いったイタチごっこになるのではないか では 確実に人と機械とを判別するにはどのような手段がよいのか その可能 性を高める手法としてバイオメトリクスを用いる方法を提案する 30

39 19 ( [15] ) 20 Google Cloud Video Intelligence API ( [16] ) 31

40 5. CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 1 3DCG 1 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 5.2 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 32

41 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 33

42 1 2 CAPTCHA Apple iphone iphone X Face ID ( 21)[17] ( 22)[18] 21 iphone X Face ID ( [17] ) 34

43 22 ) Sleep Cycle alarm clock ( [18] 35

44 6. CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA 2011 CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA CAPTCHA

45 37

46 [1] Google Developers. recaptcha Troubleshooting [2] Confident Technologies. Confident CAPTCHA [3] ManageEngine. MIT Technology Review Intelligent Machines Video Ads that Outwit Spammers [4] Tom Simonite. ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus Did you know: How to configure Audio CAPTCHA? [5] TYNAX PATENT LIBRARY. Captcha technology using a puzzle, [6] Elson J, Douceur JR, Howell J, and Saul J. Asirra: A CAPTCHA that Exploits Interest-Aligned Manual Image Categorization. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2007), pp , [7],,,,. 4 CAPTCHA., Vol. Vol.54, No. 9, pp , [8],,. CAPTCHA. 2012(SCIS 2012), pp. 1 8,

47 [9] D Souza D, Polina PC, and Yampolskiy R. Avatar CAPTCHA: Telling Computers and Humans Apart via Face Classification. In Proc IEEE International Conference on Electro/Infomartion Technology, pp. 1 6, [10], Tygar JD,. CAPTCHA. Technical Report 37, [11],,,. CAPTCHA : 3DCG CAPTCHA., Vol. 56, No. 12, pp , [12] Yang TI, Koong CS, and Tseng CC. Game-based image semantic CAPTCHA on handset devices. Multimedia Tools and Applications, [13],,. Spatiometric CAPTCHA. 2016(SCIS 2016), [14] EmojiTCHA: Using Emotion Regcognition to Tell Computers and Humans Apart, Vol. IFIP AICT 502, [15] [16] Li FF. Google Cloud Video Intelligence API Cloud Machine Learning [17] Apple Inc. iphone X [18] Northcube. Sleep Cycle alarm clock

48 [19] Ahn L, Blum M, Hopper NJ, and Langford J. CAPTCHA: Using Hard AI Problems for Security. Carnegie Mellon University Research [20] Mobile Multimedia Security. Protection Through Multimedia CAPTCHAS, MoMM2010 Proceedings. [21] Montree Imsamai and Suphakant Phimoltares. 3D CAPTCHA: A Next Generation of the CAPTCHA. In Information Science and Applications -ICISA 2010, pp. 1 8, [22] Shirali-Shahreza M and Shirali-Shahreza S. Collage CAPTCHA. In th International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications(ISSPA 2007), [23] Almazyad AS, Ahmad Y, and Kouchay SA. Multi-Modal CAPTCHA: A User Verification Scheme. In Information Science and Applications, [24] Shirali-Shahreza S, Abolhassani H, Sameti H, and Hassan M. Spoken captcha: A captcha system for blind users. In ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management (CCCM 2009), [25] Gao H, Liu H, Yao D, Liu X, and Aickelin U. An Audio CAPTCHA to Distinguish Humans from Computers. In 2010 Third International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security (ISECS 2010), [26] Shirali-Shahreza M and Shirali-Shahreza S. Motion CAPTCHA. In 2008 Conference on Human System Interactions, [27] Gao H, Yao D, Liu H, Liu X, and Wang L. A Novel Image Based CAPTCHA Using Jigsaw Puzzle. In 2010 IEEE 13th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering,

49 [28] Ross SA, Halderman JA, and Finkelstein A. Sketcha: a captcha based on line drawings of 3D models, [29] Survey of Different Types of CAPTCHA, Vol. 5(2), [30] A SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH ON CAPTCHA, Vol. 7, [31] Chellapilla K and Simard P. Using Machine Learning to Break Visual Human Interaction Proofs (HIPs). In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), [32] Yan J and Ahmad ASE. Breaking Visual CAPTCHAs with Naive Pattern Recognition Algorithms. In Twenty-Third Annual Computer Security Applications Conference(ACSAC 2007), pp , [33] Chellapilla K, Larson K, and Simard P. Computers beat Humans at Single Character Recognition in Reading based Human Interaction Proofs (HIPs). In Conference on and Anti-Spam(CEAS 2005). Conference on and Anti-Spam(CEAS 2005), [34] Machine Learning Attacks Against the Asirra CAPTCHA, [35] Yamamoto T, Tygar JD, and Nishigaki M. CAPTCHA Using Strangeness in Machine Translation. In Proc. 24th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, pp , [36] Solving Avatar Captchas Automatically, [37] Chew M and Tygar JD. Image Recognition CAPTCHAs, [38] Bursztein E, Martin M, and Mitchelll J. Text-based CAPTCHA strengths and weaknessess, [39] DONG NGO. 3D-based Captchas become reality,

50 [40] Google Developers. recaptcha Troubleshooting [41] Gossweiler R, Kamvar M, and Baluja S. What s Up CAPTCHA? A CAPTCHA Based On Image Orientation, [42] Rui Y and Liu Z. ARTiFACIAL: Automated Reverse Turing test using FACIAL features, [43] Datta R, Li J, and Wang JZ. IMAGINATION: A Robust Image-based CAPTCHA Generaton System, [44] Shirali-Shahreza S and Shirali-Shahreza M. Categorizing CAPTCHA, [45] Zhu BB, Yan J, Li Q, Yang C, Liu J, Xu N, Yi M, and Cai K. Attacks and design of image recognition CAPTCHAs, [46] Kondo K, Haseyama M, and Kitajima H. Efficient fixed-valued and random-valued impulse detection for accurate image restoration. Information Technology Letters, Vol. 2, pp , [47],,. MCMC.. D,, Vol. J97-D, No. 3, pp ,

1 4 10 Table 1 Numbers of images in cases of which numbers of input stringsis4and10. 4 10 1.48 10 7 8.39 10 17 1 Microsoft CAPTCHA CAPTCHA [6] Fig. 1

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