81年以降に国家として独立をした国を除いた、114カ国について、1980年、1992年、2001年の識字率を以下の基準で2分割した

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27 1985 A Dahl, Robert Democracy and Its Critic. Hew Haven: Yale University Press Huntington, Samuel P The Third Wave: Democrati zation in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Inoguchi, Takashi, Edward Newman, and John Keane, ed The changing nature ofdemocracy. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de The Sprit of the Laws. 5th ed. Translated by Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone. New York: Cambridge University Press. O Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter, ed Transi tions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Bova, Russell Democracy and Liberty: The Cultural Connection. In The Global Di vergence of Democracies. edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, altimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Clark, Andrew F Imperialism, Independence, and Islam in Senegal and Mali. Africa Today. 46: Dixon, William and Paul D. Senese Democracy, Disputes, and Negotiated Settlement. The Journal of Conflict Resolution.46: Dossou-Yovo, Noel The Experience of Benin. International Journal on World Peace. 16:59-74.

28 4, April 2004 Doyle, Michael W Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs. In Debating the Democratic Peace: An International Security Reader, edited by Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller Cambridge: MIT Press, Elklit, Jorgen Is the Degree of Electoral Democracy Measurable? Experience from Bulgaria, Kenya, Latvia, Mongolia and Nepal. In Defining and Measuring Democracy, ed. David Beetham, London: SAGE Publications. Filali-Ansary Muslims and Democracy. In The Global Di vergence Democracies, edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Handenius, Axel The Duration of Democracy: Institutional vs Socio-economic Factors. In Defining and Measuring Democracy, ed. David Beetham, London: SAGE Publications. Hoffman, Tom The Quiet Desperation of Robert Dahl s (quiet) Radicalism. Critical Review. 15: Karatnycky, Adrian National Income and Liberty. Journa l of Democracy. 15: Lipset, Saymour Martin. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. The American Political Science Review. 53 (March): Mayer, Robert A Rejoinder to Robert Dahl. The Review of Politics. 63: Robert Dahl and the right to workplace Democracy. The Review of Politics. 63: McLaughlin, Sara, Scott Gates, Havard Hegre, Ranveig Gissinger, Nils Peter Gleditsch Timing the changes in political structures: A new polity database. The Jounal of conflict Resolution. 42: Owen, John M How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace. In Debating the Democratic Peace: An International Security Reader, edited by Michael E. Bown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller Cambridge: MIT Press. Parry, Geraint and George Moyser More Participation, More Democracy? In Defining and Measuring Democracy, ed. David Beetham, London: SAGE Publications, Saward, Michael Democratic Theory and Indices of Democratization. In Defining and Measuring Democracy, ed. David Beetham, 6-24.London: SAGE Publications, Sen, Amartya Democracy as A Universal Value. In The Global

29 Divergence Democracies. edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Strandsbjerg, Camilla Kerekou, God and the Ancestors: Religion and the Conception of Political Power in Benin. African Affairs. 99: Baruah, Sanjib Democracy in India. The Journal of Asian Studies. 61: Freedom House Annual Survey of Freedom Country Scores to Database on-line available from Freedom House. Washington, D.C.: Freedom House. Gurr, Ted Robert Polity II: Political Structures and Regime Change, Boulder Co.: Center for Comparative Politics. Database on-line #9263 through the University of Tokyo from Ann Arbor: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Science Research. Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr Polity III: Regime Change and Political Authority, nd ICPSR version. Boulder: Keith Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr. Database on-line #6255 through the University of Tokyo from Ann Arbor: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Marshall, Monty G, and Keith Jaggers et al Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, College Park: University of Maryland. U.S. Bureau of the Census Statisti cal Abstract of the Uni ted States th edition. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Andriamirado, Sennen Mali un Peuple Pas Comme Les Autres. Afrique, Du 16 Au 29 Octobre. Jeune

民主化とは

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