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1 divided societies power sharing consociational approach integrative approach multinational states : 376 divided societies 24

2 Harris and Reilly eds. [1998] power sharing majority domination outbidding O Flynn and Russell eds. [2005]; Sisk [1996] A. Lijphart consociational approach D. Horowitz integrative approach positive theory normative theory Almond [1970: Chap. 1]; Almond and Powell [1966: Chap. 10] 25

3 Lipset 1960 cross pressure Lintz and Stepan 1996: Chap. 2 stateness Horowitz [1994: 35-7]; Lijphart [1984: 21-3] Dahl [1971: Chap. 7] Fearon [1995] Rabushka and Shepsle [1972: Chap. 3] 26

4 Rabushka and Shepsle consociational democracy (1) (2) (3) (4) Lijphart [1977, Chap. 2] grand coalition Lijphart [1991] Lijphart [1984; 1999] Lijphart 1977: Chap. 3 (1) (2) overarching loyalties (3) 2 1 plural societies Horowitz [1985: 571-4] 2 Lijphart 1977 Lijphart 1984; 1999 consociationalism consociational model 27

5 3 Dahl and Tufte O Leary 2005 (1) (2) (3) Lijphart 1977: 81 cross-cutting cleavage 5 O Leary 2005: 27 Nordlinger 1972: 73 structured elite predominance 6 Lijphart 1977: self-negating prophecy 3 O Leary [2005: 24] 4 Dahl and Tufte 1973: 40 5 Lijphart 1977: 81 6 Nordlinger 1972: (1) (2) (3) (4) 28

6 7 Lijphart 2002 Wolff 2005: Tsebelis [1990: Chap. 6] Horowitz [1985; 1989; 1991; 1994; 2003] Reilly 2001 O Flynn and Russell eds Lijphart [1977: ] 8 29

7 seat pooling Horowitz [1991: , 170-7] Horowitz 1991: Chap. 5 vote pooling p. 167 preferential voting Single Transferable Vote: STV Alternative Vote: AV Supplementary Vote: SV 9 STV AV SV AV SV STV AV SV 10 AV SV Reilly [2001: Chap. 2, 7] 9 Horowitz 1991 SV AV Reilly

8 A B A A A B B B A B A B B A B A B A B A B A A McGarry and O Leary [1993: 21-2] Sisk [1996: 44] Reilly 2001 O Leary (1) (2) Barry [1975] Lijphart 1977: 52 government regime 11 O Leary

9 12 13 Lijphart 1975: 179 fraternity Rothchild and Roeder [2005] Sartori 1994: (1) (2) 12 Horowitz 1994:

10 pluralisitic society [1984: 70-1] Rabushka and Shepsle 1972 Horowitz [1991: 139] AV AV SV 14 AV SV Lijphart 1997 Reilly 2001: AV AV Fraenkel and Grofman 2004 AV Fraenkel and Grofman 2006 AV Roeder 2005 power dividing 14 Reilly 2001: STV 33

11 Roeder 2005 Fearon and Laitin 1996 (1) 15 (2) Horowitz [1991]; Reilly [2001] Norris 2008 Fearon and Laitin (1) 16 Horowitz

12 AV Gurr 2000: Chap

13 Almond, Gabriel A Political Development: Essays in Heuristic Theory, Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Almond, Gabriel A. and G. Bingham Powell, Jr Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach, Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Barry, Brian The Consociational Model and Its Dangers, European Journal of Political Research, No. 3, pp Dahl, Robert A Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven: Yale University Press. Dahl, Robert A. and Edward R. Tufte Size and Democracy, Stanford: Stanford University Press. Fearon, James D Ethnic War as a Commitment Problem. ( Fearon, James D. and David D. Laitin Explaining Interethnic Cooperation, American Political Science Review, Vol. 90, No. 4, pp Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War, American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 1, pp Fraenkel, Jon and Bernard Grofman A Neo Downsian Model of the Alternative Vote as a Mechanism for Mitigating Conflict in Plural Societies, Public Choice, Vol. 121, No. 3 4, pp Does the Alternative Vote Foster Moderation in Ethnically Divided Societies?: The Case of Fiji, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp Gurr, Ted Robert Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century, Washington, D. C: United States Institute of Peace. Harry, Peter and Ben Reilly eds Democracy and Deep Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators, Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Horowitz, Donald L Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley: University of California Press.. Incentives and Behaviour in the Ethnic Politics of Sri Lanka and Malaysia, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp A democratic South Africa?: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society, 36

14 Berkeley: University of California Press Democracy in Divided Societies, in Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner eds., Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press Constitutional Design: Proposals versus Processes, in Andrew Reynolds ed. The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp Electoral Systems: A Primer for Decision Makers, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp Lijphart, Arend The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands (second edition), Berkeley: University of California Press Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration, New Haven: Yale University Press Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty One Countries, New Haven: Yale University Press Constitutional Choices for New Democracies, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp Disproportionality under Alternative Voting: The Crucial and Puzzling Case of Australian Senate Elections, , Acta Politica, Vol. 32, No.1, pp Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty Six Countries, New Haven: Yale University Press. Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post Communist Europe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Lipset, Seymour Martin Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics, Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. McGarry, John and Brendan O Leary Introduction: The Macro Political Regulation of Ethnic Conflict, in John McGarry and Brendan O Leary eds., The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts, London: Routledge. Nordlinger, Eric A Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies, Cambridge: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. Norris, Pippa Driving Democracy: Do Power Sharing Institutions Work?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. O Flynn, Ian and David Russel eds Power Sharing: New Challenges for Divided Societies, London: Pluto Press. O leary, Brendan Debating Consociational Politics: Normative and Explanatory 37

15 Arguments, in Sid Noel ed., From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies, Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen s University Press. Rabushka Alvin and Kenneth A. Shepsle Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability, Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company. Reilly, Benjamin Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Roeder, Philip G Power Dividing as an Alternative to Ethnic Power Sharing, in Philip G. Roeder and Donald Rothchild eds., Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil Wars, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp Rothchild, Donald and Philip G. Roeder Power Sharing as an Impediment to Peace and Democracy, in Philip G. Roeder and Donald Rothchild eds., Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil Wars, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp Sartori, Giovanni Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes, Basingstoke : Macmillan. Sisk, Timothy D Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts, Washington, D. C: United States Institute of Peace. Wolff, Stefan Electoral Systems Design and Power Sharing Regimes, in Ian O Flynn and David Russel eds Power Sharing: New Challenges for Divided Societies, London: Pluto Press. 38

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橡sei_ho52.PDF Döring(1995) Döring (1995) Baerwald (1974) p. 124 1 Mochizuki (1982) Ramseyer and Rosenbluth (1993) 1 p. 30 Mochizuki Krauss (1984) 2 vs. (1) 41 3 1955 20 10 50 20 56 72 4 67 10 10 69 7 7 73 30 60 30 61