18 LAN AP (AP, Access Point) LAN (STA, Station) (RSSI, Received Signal Strength Indicator) AP AP STA AP LAN AP STA LAN AP LAN LAN STA AP LAN (Local Ar

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1 LAN AP

2 18 LAN AP (AP, Access Point) LAN (STA, Station) (RSSI, Received Signal Strength Indicator) AP AP STA AP LAN AP STA LAN AP LAN LAN STA AP LAN (Local Area Network) AP (Access Point)

3 1 1 2 LAN LAN (IEEE a/b/g) MAC CSMA/CA IFS RTS/CTS (WDS : Wireless Distribution System) LAN AP MLT MLT-M MLTAB MLT-M i

4 4.1.2 MLTAB MLT-M MLTAB STA 11b STA 11g STA ii

5 1 IEEE LAN [1] 1 AP (Access Point) 10 m AP LAN AP LAN AP LAN LAN IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) s MAC (Media Access Control) [2] [3] AP (STA Station) STA AP LAN STA STA STA AP STA RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator : ) AP [4] AP AP STA STA RSSI AP AP STA (RSS, Received Signal Strength) [5] [6] STA AP MLT(Maximizing Local Throughput) AP [7] [8] AP LAN 1

6 AP LAN AP LAN AP STA MLT LAN LAN AP-AP PER(Packet Error Rate) AP LAN AP AP 2 LAN

7 2 LAN LAN IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 1997 IEEE b ( b) IEEE a ( a) IEEE g ( g) a/b/g LAN 2.1 LAN IEEE802 1 IEEE MAC (Medium Access Control) MAC 2.1! #"$ ',,,65 78:9 ;<32 :' BA C EDF3* ' G %&& (' *) & +-,. / 01&2/ ',,,6578:9 8H= C@ "$ DI /*G ',,,65 78:9 L ',,,65 78:9 ; ;J/ 01& K#/4& / 0!& K#/J% ;7ba &,:cfd 3+ ' /4&- M NPOQBR R MNPOQBRR M NPOQBR RZY M N OQBR R_^ ;7ba &,:c8 ST:U U XU UU [ SX]\ & +-,. X:U`U U V TW V TW V T(W ;7ba &,ci ; 7ba &,e,> I l m m m MNPOQBRR f1 '. Ag g C < &- ;7Ea &,e,> 2.1: IEEE802 3

8 2.1: a/b/g LAN b a g GHz 5GHz 2.4GHz ( ) Mb/s 54Mb/s 54Mb/s 2.2 LAN (IEEE a/b/g) b 2.4GHz 11 Mb/s LAN b 2.4GHz b b CSMA/CA MAC 5 Mb/s a 5GHz 54 Mb/s LAN a a OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing a b CSMA/CA MAC 25 Mb/s g 2.4GHz 54 Mb/s LAN g b ISM 2.4GHz b ( ) g b DSSS/CCK a OFDM 2.4GHz 54 Mb/s 4

9 802.11b CSMA/CA MAC g 20 Mb/s IEEE802.11a/b/g LAN MAC MAC LAN CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) IFS RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send) LAN CSMA/CA LAN (DCF : Distributed Coordination Function) CSMA/CA CSMA/CA STA ( ) IFS (Inter Frame Space) STA STA CW (Contention Window) CSMA/CA STA STA STA 5

10 2.2: IFS IFS IEEE IFS CW IFS IFS IFS 2.2 SIFS (Short Interframe Space) ACK CTS PIFS (PCF Interframe Space) PCF (Point Coordination Function) DIFS (DCF Interframe Space) DIFS IFS DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) RTS 6

11 2.3: STA (Hidden Terminal Problem) CSMA/CA 2.3 STA1 STA2 STA3 STA1 STA2 STA1 STA2 STA1 AP STA3 AP STA3 STA1 STA3 STA1 STA3 7

12 " /! #$&%('*)(+ +!!!,.- 2, 0, 1 2.4: RTS/CTS RTS/CTS RTS/CTS RTS/CTS STA 2.3 RTS/CTS 2.4 STA1 DIFS (Distributed Inter Frame Spacing) RTS AP STA1 STA2 STA1 RTS STA2 STA2 RTS (NAV : NetworkAllocation Vector) RTS AP SIFS (Short Inter Frame Spacing) STA1 CTS AP CTS STA3 STA3 STA3 CTS NAV CTS STA1 SIFS 8

13 AP ACK STA1 RTS/CTS NAV ACK RTS/CTS STA LAN AP 2 AP STA Probe Request AP (Probe Response) AP Probe Response STA AP LAN Reassociation Request AP Probe Request AP Beacon STA AP Reassociation Request STA AP Reassociation Response LAN (WDS Wireless Distribution System) AP ( ) STA AP STA BSS (Basic Service Set) STA (BSS) AP ( ) 2.5 BSS ESS (Extended Service Set) 9

14 2.5: AP STA STA BSS IBSS (Independent BSS) STA (WDS : Wireless Distribution System) WDS 2.7 AP ESS (BSS) WDS

15 2.6: 2.7: 2.5 LAN AP PHS 10 m LAN AP AP AP AP 2.8 AP STA 2.9 LAN STA AP AP AP STA 1 LAN LAN 2.10 AP STA LAN LAN

16 2.8: 2.9: 12

17 2.10: [9] WDS IEEE802.11s AP [2] [3] LAN AP AP LAN LAN AP LAN 1. AP 13

18 2.11: AP STA 2. AP 2 2 LAN 2.6 LAN 2.5 LAN 10 m LAN AP LAN STA STA STA 1 AP STA STA AP AP LAN STA AP STA AP RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator : ) STA RSSI AP [4] 2.11 STA AP STA [5] [6] 14

19 3 AP 2.6 LAN AP LAN AP MLT (Maximizing Local Throughput) [7] [8] MLT LAN AP MLT-M (MLT extention for Multihop environment) LAN AP MLTAB (MLT with Avoiding Bottleneck) 3.1 MLT LAN AP MLT MLT STA AP AP RTS/CTS CSMA/CA Data[bits] t T (3.1) t T = RT S + CT S + Data(bits) Rate(b/s) + ACK + DIF S + 3SIF S + overhead (3.1) PER (Packet Error Rate) P T w (3.2) T w = t T + P i (1 P ) i t T = t T 1 P i=1 N STA AP STA (N + 1) (3.3) (3.2) Φ = Data Data (1 P ) = (3.3) (N + 1) T w (N + 1) t T 15

20 STA N AP Probe Response Beacon STA STA (3.4) MLT AP [7] W MLT = 1 P N + 1 (3.4) (3.4) P PER MLT STA AP 3.2 MLT-M MLT LAN AP LAN LAN AP PER MLT-M (MLT extension for Multihop Environment) 3.1 AP 3.1 AP0 (GW, Gateway) 2 AP AP AP ( ) 3.1 AP AP1 AP AP0 P up AP STA PER P low AP STA PER P m AP AP PER AP PER P m (3.4) (3.5) W 1 = (1 P low) (1 P m ) N low + 1 (3.5) N low AP STA AP Probe Response Beacon STA AP PER(P m ) AP AP MAC STA (3.5) (a) AP MLT 16

21 #"$%&'(&$ =;">%8&7';(8&> :: 96 "! ;"<. / 01 ) * -.2 ) 3.1: (2hop) (3.6) (b) W 0 = 1 P up N up + 1 (3.6) N up AP STA STA (a), (b) AP W AP AP 3.3 MLTAB MLT-M STA AP AP LAN STA AP LAN MLTAB (MLT with Avoiding Bottleneck) (3.7) 17

22 1 W = (N + 1) B (3.7) B AP AP B AP B (STEP1) STA STA N STA AP-STA B AP B B W (STEP2) Greedy GW ( GateWay) STA AP AP ACK TCP AP [10] B PER P m AP L t T STEP1 3.2 AP2 AP1-AP2 AP L 3 AP1 L = 10 GW-AP AP AP B STA STEP2 STA AP B STA N (3.8) STA AP-STA AP STA L = 1 STA AP B B W = 1 (N + 1) B = 1 L t (N + 1) T (3.8) 1 P m STA AP W AP AP 18

23 / / >?, "!$##%&A)(*, C<, : > )?@ :,B7 5; <&= "!$##%&')(*, ; <&= ) 3.2: +*" )*"!" $&%" $#%" '(" 3.3: 3.4 STA AP LAN STA AP AP STA AP [7] [8] STA Search Interval (SI) AP (1) 19

24 AP AP new re-search STA Backoff Time (BT) (2) AP new AP STA AP new idle (3) AP AP STA search (4) AP AP AP AP new STA re-search BT (5) STA Idle Time (IT) search (6) 20

25 MLT-M MLT-M Network Simulator 2 Static Routing TeNs (The Enhanced Network Simulator) [11] 20 STA m 80 m (AREA 1-4) m 120 m (AREA 5) 10 AREA 1 STA AREA 2 AP STA AREA 3 AREA 4 STA AP STA AREA 5 STA STA 2 AP Static Routing FTP (Source) AP0 TCP 1500 Byte 4.1 AP1 STA AP0 AP1 STA LAN b shadowing PER 4.5 AP STA LAN [7]

26 # $&% # "! $&' 4.1: STA (MLT-M, 2hop)! 4.2: STA (MLT-M, 3hop) 100 PER(%) : SI BT 3.0 sec sec Distance(m) IT 3.0 sec 4.3: -PER (MLT-M) 22

27 -/.0 1 -/.0 -/.0 32! #"$%'& ( ) *$&%,+ -/ : STA (MLTAB) MLTAB MLTAB QualNet3.9.5 STA m 60 m 120 m 120 m 80 AREA1 STA AREA2 AREA3 STA AP AP AREA4 STA STA 10 AP 23

28 PER(%) a 11b 11g Distance(m) 4.5: -PER (MLTAB) AP Static Routing FTP GW STA TCP 1,500 Byte STA b (11 Mb/s) g (54 Mb/s) AP a (54 Mb/s) PER 4.5 AP STA LAN MLT-M [7] STA LAN STA Balance Index (BI) [12] BI (4.1) β 1 1/N 24

29 β = ( B i ) 2 N (B 2 i ) (4.1) B i ST A i N STA AP AP STA AP 25

30 5 5.1 MLT-M AP AP MLT-M STA AREA1 5.1 STA RSS Kb/s MLT Kb/s MLT-M Kb/s 5.1 RSS 220 Kb/s MLT-M 80 Kb/s MLT-M RSS MLT Probability Throughput[Kb/s] RSS MLT MLT-M 5.1: (AREA1) 26

31 5.1: (AREA1) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLT-M BI 5.1 MLT-M RSS MLT 40 Kb/s STA (AREA1) MLT-M STA STA AREA2 5.2 RSS STA 80 Kb/s 600 Kb/s STA MLT Kb/s MLT-M Kb/s 5.2 RSS 880 Kb/s MLT 270 Kb/s MLT-M 100 Kb/s RSS 60 Kb/s MLT 40 Kb/s MLT-M RSS STA STA 5.2 MLT-M RSS MLT-M BI STA (AREA2) MLT-M RSS MLT AP 27

32 RSS MLT MLT-M Probability Throughput[Kb/s] 5.2: (AREA2) 5.2: (AREA2) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLT-M STA AREA3 AREA RSS RSS AP STA AP0 AP1 1 AP STA 28

33 RSS MLT MLT-M Probability Throughput[Kb/s] 5.3: (AREA3) RSS MLT MLT-M Probability Throughput[Kb/s] 5.4: (AREA4) 29

34 5.3: (AREA3) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLT-M : (AREA4) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLT-M RSS LAN STA MLT MLT-M STA AP AP STA STA RSS RSS MLT-M MLT RSS MLT-M MLT AREA Kb/s AREA Kb/s STA MLT MLT-M RSS RSS BI STA AP0 AP1 STA MLT-M RSS BI MLT AREA4 MLT-M AREA3 MLT-M STA (AREA3 AREA4) MLT-M 30

35 RSS MLT MLT-M Probability Throughput[Kb/s] 5.5: (AREA5) MLT-M AP STA AREA5 5.5 RSS MLT Kb/s 5.5 RSS 450 Kb/s MLT 410 Kb/s 600 Kb/s STA AP RSS MLT AP0 STA MLT-M Kb/s Kb/s MLT-M RSS MLT 20 Kb/s 31

36 5.5: (AREA5) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLT-M MLT-M STA AP RSS MLT 20 Kb/s 5.5 STA BI 0.2 MLT-M LAN AP PER AP MLT-M STA RSS MLT STA 5.2 MLTAB MLT-M AP MLTAB STA 11b STA 4.4 AREA1 AP 11b 11a 11b 4 5 AP-STA 5.6 STA RSS 200 1,000 Kb/s MLT MLTAB 300 Kb/s 500 Kb/s 5.6 RSS 800 Kb/s MLTAB 160 Kb/s 32

37 RSS MLT MLTAB Probability Throughput[Kb/s] 5.6: (AP-11a/STA-11b, AREA1) 5.6 MLT MLTAB RSS BI RSS 5.6 MLT MLTAB RSS 100 Kb/s MLT MLTAB STA 11b AP-STA AP-STA AP MLT MLTAB STA (AREA1) AP-STA AP MLT MLTAB STA 5.7 MLTAB AP STA (AREA1) MLTAB 33

38 5.6: (AP-11a/STA-11b, AREA1) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLTAB : (AP-11a/STA-11b, AREA1) (sec) AP MLTAB STA 11g STA 11g AP GW 5.7 RSS 200 2,500 Kb/s MLT 200 2,500 Kb/s RSS 2,500 Kb/s STA RSS MLT AP-STA AP AP AP MLTAB 600 Kb/s 2,000 Kb/s RSS MLT 5.8 RSS MLT 2,800 1,800 Kb/s MLTAB 1,500 Kb/s RSS MLT STA AP MLTAB AP STA RSS MLT 450 Kb/s AP MLTAB STA AP STA 34

39 Probability Throughput[Kb/s] RSS MLT MLTAB 5.7: (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA1) 5.8: (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA1) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLTAB MLTAB RSS MLT BI RSS MLT STA (AREA2) MLTAB RSS MLT 5.9 MLTAB AP STA 10 AP 35

40 5.9: (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA1) (sec) AP MLTAB AP MLTAB 4.4 STA AREA3 AREA RSS STA RSS AP STA AP AP STA RSS LAN STA MLT AP AP STA STA AP MLTAB STA AP STA RSS MLT RSS MLTAB RSS MLT MLTAB STA MLTAB MLTAB AP AREA2 AREA STA AREA3 AREA4 10 AP MLTAB AP 36

41 RSS MLT MLTAB Probability Throughput[Kb/s] 5.8: (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA2) RSS MLT MLTAB Probability Throughput[Kb/s] 5.9: (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA3) 37

42 5.10: (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA2) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLTAB : (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA3) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLTAB : (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA2) (sec) AP MLTAB : (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA3) (sec) AP MLTAB AREA AP AREA4 AP AP AP STA AP

43 RSS MLT MLTAB Probability Throughput[Kb/s] 5.10: (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA4) AP-STA AP RSS MLT 100 3,000 Kb/s 3,000 Kb/s STA AP MLTAB 600 Kb/s 1,500 Kb/s 5.14 RSS MLT 11,100 3,900 Kb/s MLTAB 900 Kb/s 600 Kb/s MLTAB RSS STA STA 5.14 MLTAB RSS MLT BI RSS MLT (AREA4) MLTAB MLTAB AP 39

44 5.14: (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA4) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLTAB : (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA4) (sec) AP MLTAB MLTAB AP STA 4.4 AREA4 STA AREA4 AP AP AP STA AP 5.11 AP-STA AP RSS MLT 10 1,000 Kb/s AP MLTAB 100 Kb/s 1,200 Kb/s 5.16 RSS MLT 4 Kb/s 2 Kb/s TCP 40

45 Probability Throughput[Kb/s] RSS MLT MLTAB 5.11: (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA4, STA=120) TCP AP MLTAB RSS MLT 5.16 MLTAB BI RSS MLT STA 120 MLTAB MLTAB AP STA 10 AP STA MLTAB AP MLTAB LAN STA 41

46 5.16: (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA4, STA=120) (Kb/s) AP BI RSS MLT MLTAB : (AP-11a/STA-11g, AREA4, STA=120) (sec) AP MLTAB RSS MLT MLTAB AP AP 42

47 6 LAN STA AP AP STA AP LAN [7] [8] AP STA AP LAN AP AP PER LAN STA AP STA RSS AP STA STA AP LAN AP STA AP AP AP RSS MLT AP STA LAN STA RSS AP STA AP STA AP AP RSS MLT LAN AP 43

48 44

49 [1] IEEE, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, IEEE Std , [2] IEEE Standard TGs, [3], LAN, B Vol. J89-B No. 6 pp , June [4] M. S. Gast, Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, O REILLY, [5] A. Balachandran, G. M. Voelker, and P. Bahl, Hot-Spot Congestion Relief in Public-area Wireless Networks, Proceedings of WMCSA 02, Callicoon, NY, pp , June [6] I. Papanikos and M. Logothetis, A Study on Dynamic Load Balance for IEEE b Wireless LAN, Proc. 8th International Conference on Advances in Communication & Control, COMCON 8, Rethymna, Crete Greece, June [7] Y.Fukuda, T.Abe, and Y.OIE, Decentralized Access Point for Wireless LANs, In the Proceedings of WTS 2004, SA3, May [8] Y. Fukuda, and Y. OIE, Analysis of Access Point Selection Strategy in Wireless LAN, IEEE 62nd Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2005-fall), CD-ROM(6-E-5), Sep [9] pp [10], LAN, IN pp March 2006 [11] The Enhanced Network Simulator (TeNs), 45

50 [12] D. Chiu and R. Jain, Analysis of the Increase and Decrease Algorithms for Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks, Journal of Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, vol. 17, pp. 1-14, Jun

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