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2 FAO/WHO JECFA 14 EU HPMC 20 L-HPC 22 MC CMC-Na HPMCP HPMCAS HPMCHM-HPMC

3 - 1 -

4 HPMC MC 2- CMC-Na CMC-Ca HPMC GMPGood Manufacturing Practice 1), 2) EU GMP 3) HPMC HPMC HPMC Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose - 2 -

5 ,000n ,000n 1,000 4) 5) SD 3 14 C 14 C-HPMC 2%HPMC 500 mg/kg 5 99% 1% 0.2% 0.07% 0.05% 14 C-HPMC % 102% 1% HPMC 6) 11 HPMC HG3.08.9g % 97% 96 7) HPC HPMCAS HPMCP HPC 1 14 C 14 C

6 HPC 14 C-L-HPC 10.5% 15% 1.3 g/kg % 96.8% % 98.3% % % HPC 8) HPMCAS SD C 8.0µCi/mg HPMCAS HPMCAS 1.5%NaHCO C-HPMCAS 1 g/kg C-HPMCAS 1.5 g/kg HPMCAS HPMCAS 9) HPMCP Wistar C HPMCP g/kg g/kg g/kg ) Wistar C HPMCP 14 C-HPMCP HPMCP 1.5 NaHCO 3 14 C-HPMCP1.3 g/kg 72 95% 91% 0.7% 1.2% - 4 -

7 % 14 C-HPMCP 11) In vitro HPMC2.0 mg/ml 12 Wistar % ) 11 HPMC 4 g/kg 13) dd 10 H-HPMC(M):33.7/2- (HP):10.6M-HPMCM:28.1/HP:7.5 HPMC g/kg L-HPMC M:7.2/HP:4.3 HPMC0510 g/kg 50% HPMC 14) dd 10 3 HPMCH-HPMCM-HPMCL-HPMC g/kg / H-HPMC M-HPMC 14) NOAEL 40 g/kg / Wistar 5 HPMC10% - 5 -

8 5 g/kg / 1 12 HPMC HPMC r = 0.93r = 0.94 HPMC 12) 10 HPMC021025% g/kg / % % 25% 13) NOAEL 10%(5 g/kg /) kg HPMC01025%037.5 g/kg / % 13) NOAEL 10%(3 g/kg /) 1113 kg HPMC g/2.55 g/kg / 1 50 g/ 1 kg 25 g/hpmc 13) Crj;CD(SD)IGS 5 HPMC 5051,020 2,100 mg/kg / 3 2,100 mg/kg / 1 JECFA 15) (kg) (g//) (g/kg /)

9 16) NOAEL 2,100 mg/kg / SD 15 HPMC015% g/kg / % 5% 17) NOAEL 5%(2.5 g/kg /) 10 HPMC % g/kg / % 30% 30% % 18) NOAEL 10%(5 g/kg /) 10 2 HPMC 70HG90HG % g/kg / 1 70HG 90 90HG 84 70HG 10% 20% 90HG 10% 20% 90HG 20% 2 HPMC 3% 19) SD 10 HPMC4000cP0310% g/kg / 2 Wistar 10 HPMC10cP 2-7 -

10 01310% g/kg / % HPMC3% 20) NOAEL 10%(6.5 g/kg /) 4 HPMC015% g/kg / % 17) NOAEL 5%(1.25 g/kg /) 2 HPMC026% g/kg / ) NOAEL 6%(1.5 g/kg /) 10 HPMC2025% g/kg / ) NOAEL 20%(10 g/kg /) 50 HPMC01520% g/kg / % 30g 20% 13) NOAEL 5%(2.5 g/kg / ) g/kg / 13) NOAEL 3.0 g/kg / - 8 -

11 1 % 80Tween 800.5%HPMC 10 ml/kg % %HPMC 5 ml/kg 21) HPCMCCMC-NaHPMCAS HPMCP HPC Wistar L-HPC 516%02001,0005,000 mg/kg / 1% 2/3 21 1/3 F 1 F F 2 5,000 mg/kg / F 1 F 1 F 1 F 2 22) L-HPC 516%02001,0005,000 mg/kg / 1% 29 5,000 mg/kg / 23) MC MC mg/kg / 700 mg/kg / - 9 -

12 ,600 mg/kg / 1,600 mg/kg / ,200 mg/kg / 1,200 mg/kg / ,320 mg/kg / 1,320 mg/kg / ,000 mg/kg / mg/kg / 685 mg/kg / 24) CMC-Na CMC-Na ,600 mg/kg / 24) CMC-Na 200 mg/kg / 24) HPMCAS SD HPMCAS 06251,250 2,500 mg/kg / 0.25%CMC 21 2/3 HPMCAS 2,500 mg/kg / 1/3 F

13 F 1 F 2 25) SD HPMCAS06251,2502,500 mg/kg / 0.25%CMC 21 HPMCAS 26) SD HPMCAS0625 1,2502,500 mg/kg / 0.25%CMC F 0 2,500 mg/kg /F 1 F 1 27) HPMCAS0 6251,2502,500 mg/kg / 0.25%CMC 29 28) HPMCP ddn HPMCP ,000 mg/kg / 4,000 mg/kg / 29) Donryu HPMCP ,400 mg/kg / 29) Salmonella typhimurium TA98TA100, TA1535, TA1537Escherichia coli WP2uvrA HPMC1565,000 µg/plate S9mix 30) CHL/IU HPMC 5001,

14 2,000 µg/mls9mix 31) Crj:CD-1(ICR) HPMC mg/kg ) HPMC HPMChydrophobically modified HPMC; HM-HPMC HM-HPMC Hartley HM-HPLC ,4-(DNCB) 3,4,5- (TBS)10 33) HPMC HG g11 16 HPMC 7) HPMCK HPMC 030 g/1 10 HPMC 030 g/2 12 HPMC g/ 1 30 g/ 30 g/ 34)

15 HPMC MC 35), 36), 37)45) HPMC MC 46) HPMC MC ,800 3,300 5, ,000 3,600 5, ,000 4,000 6,000 HPMC HPMC mg/kg / 6, kg mg/kg / MC CMC 46), 47) HPMC MC CMC HPMC HPMC mg/kg / 2003 HPMC 320 / 48) HPMC 0 / HPMC HPMC mg/kg / ,788,976 U.S Census Bureau American Fact Finder

16 kg mg/kg / FAO/WHO JECFA JECFA modified cellulosehpmcmcmec CMC-Na 030 mg/kg / ADI 49) HPMC 2 2,500 mg/kg / ADI 025 mg/kg / 50) HPMC MC CMC HPMC 7 HPCHPMCMCMEC CMC-Na ADI not specified 24) JECFA HPMC 7 JECFA ADI 15) ADI EU EU SCF MCHPC HPMC CMC-Na 35 JECFA 5 ADI 51) 14 7 HPMC ,619,

17 ADI 2 2,500 mg/kg / 100 HPMC 90 2,100 mg/kg / 2,100 mg/kg / 100 ADI 21 mg/kg / 52) HPMC HPMC NOAEL JECFA HPMC ADI HPMC ADI

18 1) Food and Drug Administration, HHS, Part Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. 21 CFR Ch, ( Edition). 2) Committee on food chemicals codex. Food Chemicals Codex Fifth edition (2004): ) Office for Official Publications of the EC, European Parliament and Council Directive No 95/2/EC of 20 February 1995 on Food Additives other than Colours and Sweeteners. 4) Compendium of food additive specifications Addendum 12. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA) 63rd Meeting. Geneva, Switzerland, 8-17 June ) ) Gorzinski SJ, Takahashi IT, Hurst GH. The fate of ultra-low viscosity 14 C-hyrdroxypropyl methylcellulose in rats following gavage administration. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. (1986) 9: ) Knight HF, Hodge HC, Samsel EP, Delap RE, McCollister DD. Studies on single oral doses of a high gel point methylcellulose. Journal of the American pharmaceutical association. (1952) 41: ) Kitagawa H, Saito H, Yokoshima T, Nanbo T, Ushioda K, Ueda T, Oyabu S. Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of 14 Chydroxypropylcellulose of low-substitution.. (1976) 12: ) Rhenius ST, Cooper I, Dhami MI. Absorption, distribution and excretion of HPMCAS in rat. Life Science Research England. (1984) 10) Kitagawa H, Satoh T, Yokoshima T, Nanbo T. Absorption, distribution, excretion of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate in the rat. Pharmacometrics. (1971) 5: ) Kitagawa H, Yokoshima T, Nanbo T, Hasegawa M. Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of 14 C-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate. Pharmacometrics. (1974) 8: ) Wyatt GM, Horn N, Gee JM, Johnason IT. Intestinal microflora and gastrointestinal adaptation in the rat in response to non-digestible dietary polysaccharides. British Journal of Nutrition. (1988) 60: ) Hodge HC, Maynard EA, Wilt WG.Jr, Blanchet HJ.Jr, Hyatt RE. Chronic oral toxicity of a high gel point mehylcellulose (Methocel HG) in rats and dogs. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. (1950) 99: ). Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acute and subacute toxicities of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in mice.. (1974) 8:

19 15) Principles for the safety assessment of food additives and contaminants in food. World Health Organization, International Program on Chemical Safety in Cooperation with the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva, Environmental Health Criteria 70 (1987). 16) Obara S, Muto H, Shigeno H, Yoshida A, Nagaya J, Hirata M, Furukawa M, Sunaga M. A three-month repeated oral administration study of a low viscosity grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences. (1999) 24: ) Schwetz BA, Humiston CG, Kociba RJ, Jersey GC. Results of subchronic toxicity studies on HCl-tailored hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose in rats and dogs. Polym.Repr.Am.Chem.Soc.,Div.Polym.Chem. (1973) 17: ) McCollister DD, Oyen F. Dietary feeding of a new methylcellulose preparation to rats. Journal of the American pharmaceutical association. (1954) 43: ) McCollister DD, Oyen F, Germinger GK.Jr. Dietary feeding of propylene glycol ethers of methylcellulose to rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (1961) 50: ) McCollister SB, Kociba RJ, McCollister DD. Dietary feeding studies of methylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in rats and dogs. Food and cosmetics toxicology. (1973) 11: ) Lewis RW, Moxon ME, Botham PA. Evaluation of oral dosing vehicles for use in developmental toxicity studies in the rat and rabbit. Toxicologist. (1997) 36: ) Kitagawa H, Satoh T, Saito H, Katoh M, Makita T, Hashimoto Y. Teratological study of hydroxypropylcellulose of low substitution (L-HPC) in rats.. (1978) 16: ) Kitagawa H, Satoh T, Saito H, Katoh M, Makita T, Hashimoto Y. Teratological study of hydroxypropylcellulose of low substitution (L-HPC) in rabbits.. (1978) 16: ) Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series: 26, (1990): ) Hoshi N, Ueno K, Igarashi T, Kitagawa H, Fujita T, Ichikawa N, Kondo Y, Isoda M. Teratological studies of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate in rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences. (1985) 10 : ) Hoshi N, Ueno K, Igarashi T, Kitagawa H, Fujita T, Ichikawa N, Kondo Y, Isoda M. Studies of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate on fertility in rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences. (1985) 10 : ) Hoshi N, Ueno K, Igarashi T, Kitagawa H, Fujita T, Ichikawa N, Kondo Y, Isoda M. Effects on offspring induced by oral administration of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate to the female rats in peri- and post-natal periods. The Journal of

20 Toxicological Sciences. (1985) 10 : ) Hoshi N, Ueno K, Igarashi T, Kitagawa H, Fujita T, Ichikawa N, Kondo Y, Isoda M. Teratological study of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate in rabbits. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences. (1985) 10 : ) Ito R, Toida S. Studies on the teratogenicity of a new enteric coating material, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) in rats and mice.. (1972) 19: ) SBL ) SBL ) SBL ) Obara S, Maruyama K, Ichikawa N, Tanaka O, Ohtuka M, Kawnabe M, Niikura Y, Tennichi M, Suzuki A, Hoshino N, Ohwada K. Skin sensitization and photosensitization studies of hydrophobically modified hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in guinea pigs. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences. (1998) 23 : ) Dressman JB, Adair CH, Barnet JL, Berardi RR, Dunn-Kucharski VA, Jarvenpaa KM, Parr DD, Sowle CA, Swidan SZ, Tobey SW, Reppas C. High-molecular-weight hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Archives of internal medicine. (1993) 153: ) METHOCEL Food Products product line overview. ( 36) Improving Hot Cling in Gravies, Methocel Food Gums ) Andres C. Edible films have potential for significantly improving aesthetic and nutritional content of foods. Ingredients. Reprinted from July 1985 Food Processing. 38) Watson J, Russo J. Soluble package for food use. Reprinted from April 1967 FOOD Processing & Marketing for POLYMER FILMS INCORPORATED. 39) Syneresis Control in Frozen Mashed Potatoes, Methocel Food Gums ) Texture Modification in Cream Soups, Methocel Food Gums ) Fried Foods: Batters and Predusts, Methocel Food Gums ) Gums in Alcoholic Beverages, Methocel Food Gums ) Fried Foods: Holding Time, Methocel Food Gums

21 44) In Baked Goods, Methocel Food Gums ) Bell DA. Methylcellulose as a Structure Enhancer in Bread Baking ) SRI CEH Marketing Research Report CELLULOSE ETHERS. (2004) 47). 2004: ) HPMC 2003 (2005) 49) Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation : some emulsifiers and stabilizers and certain other substances. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series No.43, WHO Technical Report Series No.373, (1966):17-19, 26, ) Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Toxicological evaluation of some food additives including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers and thickening agents. WHO Food Additives Series No.5 (1974): 12, Food-science and techniques. Reports of the Science Committee for Food (Thirtysecond series). The European Commission (1994). 52)

22 HPMC / No 11 HPMC 4 g/kg H-HPMC g/kg M-HPMC L-HPMC 0510 g/kg H-HPMC g/kg / M-HPMC L-HPMC 12 5 HPMC 010% (05 g/kg / 1 ) HPMC % ( g/kg / 1 ) () H-HPMCM-HPMC NOAEL 40 g/kg / 25% % NOAEL 5 g/kg / 30 6 HPMC 01025% (037.5 g/kg / 1 ) 25 NOAEL 3 g/kg / 30 1 HPMC 2550 g/ 50 g/(1kg) (2.55 g/kg / 1 ) 3 5 HPMC 5051,0202,100 mg/kg 2,100 mg/kg / / () NOAEL2,100 mg/kg / HPMC HPMC 015% 1%() ( g/kg / 1 ) NOAEL 2.5 g/kg / % ( g/kg / 1 ) 30% 10%() 90 4 HPMC 015% 5%() NOAEL 5 g/kg / % 20% 1770HG ( g/kg 10%() / 1 ) % 20%() 90HG ( g/kg () / 1 ) 10% % 10% 4000cP( g/kg / 2 ) ()( 01310% ) 10cP ( g/kg / 3%() 2 ) NOAEL 6.5 g/kg / ( g/kg / NOAEL 1.25 g/kg / 1 ) 90 2 HPMC 026% ( g/kg / 1 ) NOAEL 1.5 g/kg /

23 HPMC 030 g/ / 1 10 HPMC 2025% ( g/kg / 1 ) 2 50 HPMC 01520% ( g/kg / 1 ) 1 2 HPMC g/kg / NOAEL 10 g/kg / 20% () NOAEL 2.5 g/kg / ( ) NOAEL 3.0 g/kg / HPMC 0.5%(10 ml/kg) 13 1% 80 HPMC 0.5%( 5 ml/kg) 0.1% 80 In vitro TA98 HPMC 1565,000 µg/ S9mix 30 (+/S9mix) TA100 TA1535 TA1537 WP2 uvra CHI/IU HPMC 5001,0002,000 µg/ml S9mix (+/S9mix) In vivo HPMC mg/kg 32 No HPMC HPMC HG 030 g/ g/ JECFAPrinciples for the safety assessment of food additives and contaminants in food a) (kg) (g//) (g/kg /)

24 L-HPC MC CMC-Na HPMCP HPMCAS HPMCHM-HPMC / 1217 MC CMC-Na HPMCP ,000 mg/kg / L-HPC CMC-Na 200 mg/kg / HPMCAS HPMCAS HPMCAS MC CMC-Na No mg/kg / ,600 1,600 mg/kg / 24 mg/kg / , mg/kg / 02001,0005,000 mg/kg / 06251,2502,500 mg/kg / 06251,2502,500 mg/kg / 4,000 mg/kg / 5,000 mg/kg / 2,500 mg/kg / ,2502,500 F 1 mg/kg / 2,500 mg/kg / ,200 mg/kg / 1,200 mg/kg / ,320 mg/kg / ,600 mg/kg / HPMCP ,400 mg/kg / 1,320 mg/kg /

25 2824 / 2224 MC ,000 mg/kg / L-HPC 02001,0005,000 mg/kg / No 24 5,000 mg/kg / 1213 HPMCAS 06251,2502,500 mg/kg / 1017 MC mg/kg / 685 mg/kg / 20 HM-HPMC

HydroxypropylcelluloseCellulose 2-hydroxypropyl ether CH 2 OR R=H H O O H CH H 3 OR H CH 2 CH O m H OR m1 n 30,000n 100 1,000,000n 2,500 13) 1 14 C 14

HydroxypropylcelluloseCellulose 2-hydroxypropyl ether CH 2 OR R=H H O O H CH H 3 OR H CH 2 CH O m H OR m1 n 30,000n 100 1,000,000n 2,500 13) 1 14 C 14 HPC 1), 2), 3) HPC 4) 5) 6), 7), 8) GMPGood Manufacturing Practice EU 9) 10), 11) GMP 9) FAO/WHO JECFA 1989 35 7 HPC ADI not specified 12) 14 7 JECFA EU 46 HPC 16 8 16 EU - 1 - HydroxypropylcelluloseCellulose

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