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- しゅんすけ やまのかみしゃ
- 5 years ago
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2 A-D
3 Abstract In this study, the author measured breath sounds at multiple points simultaneously with two or more stethoscopes, and analyzed frequency of the measured breath sounds. First, the author constructed the system of measuring breath sounds at multiple points simultaneously. In the system, stethoscope microphones measure the sounds simultaneously at three points: the neck airway, the thorax and the chest wall. Next, measured breath sounds were recorded in a computer through amplification circuit and analog-to-digital converter. Finally, thr system filtered frequency components specific to breath sounds from the measured sound signals by band-pass filter. the author separated the signals into indrawn and exhaled parts, and compared and validated frequency components of the signals at each part. A result showed that peak values of frequency components had clear different at the measured point. The result also showed the difference of frequency components at each measurement. The proposed system enabled the detection of small difference of breath sounds for a few seconds by simultaneous measurement at multiple points with stethoscope.
4
5 [1] [1] [1] [1] (Littmann CLASSICII S.E) (Littmann CLASSICII S.E) ( ) AD (Interface PCI3178)
6 (exhaled breath) (indrawn breath)
7
8 A-D
9 1 X CT MRI [1][2] 1
10 2 [3][4] [5][6][7] [1][2] (airway) (trachea) (bronchus) (main bronchus) (bronchiole) (terminal bronchiole) (respiratory bronchus)
11 airflow airway trachea bronchus bronchiole 2.1: name number diameter[mm] trachea 22~13 bronchus terminal bronchiole bronchiole respiratory bronchiole ~.5 2.2: 3
12 (trachea) mm 11 13mm (bronchus) 2.2 (main bronchus) (alveolus).1.2mm m (thorax) 4
13 2.2 (respiratory sounds) 2.3 (respiratory sounds) (breath sounds) (adventitious sounds) (breath sounds) vesicular sounds normal bronchial sounds bronchovesicular sounds breath sounds tracheal sounds respiratory sounds abnormal disappearance of breath sounds etc. adventitious sounds 2.3: (breath sounds) 4 (vesicular sounds) (bronchial sounds) (bronchovesicular sounds) (tracheal sounds) 5
14 2.3 [6] (tunica mucosa) tunica adventitia hyaline cartilage tela submucosa membranous wall tunica mucosa smooth muscle 2.4: 6
15 tunica mucosa epithelium mucosae lamina propria mucosae tela submucosa tunica fibromusculocartilage tunica adventitia 2.5: [1] 2.6 d ρ v m vm p l p 1 2 d 2.6: l 2 p 1 p 2 Δp (2.1) Δp = p 1 p 2 = ρg (λ l d vm 2 2g ) (2.1) 1 k s = 2log e (2.2) λ d 7
16 λ λ ks d (2.2) k s (2.1) 2.2 (trachea) (bronchus) (bronchiole) (terminal bronchiole) (alveolus) (2mm ) 8
17 (tracheal sounds) ( ) 2.7 auscultation site 2.7: [1] 9
18 2.4.2 (bronchovesicular sounds) 2.8 auscultation site 2.8: [1] 1
19 2.4.3 (vesicular sounds) ( ) F 1:2 2.9 auscultation site 2.9: [1] 11
20 (binaural) (chest-piece) (tube) (ear-chip) ( ) Y 1Hz khz binaural ear-chip chest-piece diaphragm 2.1: (Littmann CLASSICII S.E) 12
21 (MIC) A-D subject sound stethoscope tube amplifier amplifier AD converter PC digital signal MIC analog signal amplifier analog signal 3.1: 13
22 ( 3.2) microphone 3.2: (Littmann CLASSICII S.E) 3.3: 3.3 5mm ( 1mm) (Littmann CLASSICII S.E) 71mm 43mm.125kg ( 3.2 ) ( ) 14
23 3.4 (Diaphragm) 3.6 ( ) 3.5 1mm 2 2Hz Cloth Diaphragm Ring Spacer Back Plate Capsule IC (FET) PC Board Holder 3.4: 3.5: ( ) 15
24 A-D mv A-D [9][1][11] measurement V+ C1 amplifier V+ R1 C3 R5 R2 R3 + MIC C2 + R4 - + OUTPUT C4 V- 3.6: 3.1: R1 3.5kΩ C1.1μ F R2 1.5kΩ C2 1.μ F R3 1.kΩ C3.1μ F R4 1.kΩ C4.1μ F R5 1.kΩ V+ +5V MIC V- -5V 16
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25 phase[degree] 3.7: A v A v = R5 R4 = 1.k 1.k =1 [ ] =2log 11 = 2 [db] (3.1) gain [db] e+6 frequency [Hz] e+6 frequency 3.8: 3.9: f c f c = 1 2π(C2)(R4) (3.2) C2 = 1μF R4 =1.kΩ 1.6Hz 1 1Hz 17
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26 A-D [12][13] 1Hz 1Hz 5Hz -5V +5V 16bit.153V 5sec A-D : AD (Interface PCI3178) 3.11: 3.2: A-D AD - Interface PCI3178 ( 3.1) PC CPU Pentium4 2.8GHz 1GB 18
27 3.2 input signal f[n] Fourier transform FT bandpass filter inverse Fourier transform IFT g[n] g[n] indrawn breath g[n] 1 exhaled breath g[n] 2 1Hz 1Hz FT FT 3.12: 19
28 ( 23 ) 4.1: ( ) 11mm 15mm (1Hz 1Hz)
29 amplitude [V] amplitude [V] amplitude [V] time [sec] 4.2: amplitude [V] time [sec] 4.3: time [sec] time [sec] 4.4: 4.5: 2 amplitude [V] amplitude [V] time [sec] time [sec] 4.6: 4.7: 21
30 amplitude [a.u.] amplitude [a.u.] 4.2 ( 4.2) 4.8 (exhaled breath) (indrawn breath) amplitude [a.u.] indrawn breath exhaled breath indrawn breath time [sec] 4.8: time [sec] time [sec] 4.9: (exhaled breath) 4.1: (indrawn breath) 22
31 amplitude [V] amplitude [V] amplitude spectrum [a.u.] time [sec] frequency [Hz] 4.11: 4.12: 6 amplitude [V] amplitude spectrum [a.u.] time [sec] 4.13: frequency [Hz] 4.14: amplitude spectrum [a.u.] time [sec] 4.15: frequency [Hz] 4.16: 23
32 gain [db] gain [db] frequency [Hz] frequency [Hz] 4.17: 4.18: phase [degree] 9 phase [degree] frequency [Hz] frequency [Hz] 4.19: 4.2:
33 amplitude spectrum [a.u.] (13Hz 45Hz ) (13Hz ) 13Hz 455Hz 13Hz Hz 4 13Hz length [mm] 4.21: s f 2 [14] N f N= f = s f 2 = 1 N N (f i f) 2 = i= i=1 f i 2 (4.1) (4.1) :
34 amplitude [V] amplitude [V] amplitude [V] amplitude spectrum [a.u.] time [sec] frequency [Hz] 4.22: 4.23: amplitude spectrum [a.u.] time [sec] 4.24: frequency [Hz] 4.25: amplitude spectrum [a.u.] time [sec] 4.26: frequency [Hz] 4.27: 26
35 gain [db] gain [db] frequency [Hz] frequency [Hz] 4.28: 4.29: phase [degree] 9 phase [degree] frequency [Hz] frequency [Hz] 4.3: 4.31:
36 (13Hz 45Hz ) (13Hz ) 13Hz 455Hz 13Hz amplitude spectrum [a.u.] Hz 13Hz length [mm] 4.32: (4.1) :
37 13Hz 455Hz amplitude spectrum [a.u.] Hz first second third forth 13Hz length [mm] 4.33:
38 5 (13Hz ) (45Hz )
39 31
40 32
41 [1] CD [2] CD [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [1] [11] [12] [13] CQ [14] [15] E. Saatci, et al.: Heart Sound Reduction in Lung Sounds by Spectrogram The 3rd European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference November 2-25, 25 EMBC 5 Prague, Czech Republic IFMBE Proc (1) 33
42 [16] A. Yadollahi,et al.: A Robust Method for Estimating Respiratory Flow Using Tracheal Sounds Entropy IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering, VOL.53, No.4, pp , April 26 [17] R. Beck,et al.: Measurement and Theory of Normal Tracheal Breath Sounds Annals of Biomedical Engineering, VOL.33, No.1, pp , October 25 [18] L. Hanjileontiadis,et al.: A Wavelet-Based Reduction of Heart Sound Noise from Lung Sounds International Journal of Medical Informatics, VOL.52, No.1-3, pp , october
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