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1 CCTV : Brandon C. Welsh, Ph.D. University of Massachusetts Lowell David P. Farrington, Ph.D. University of Cambridge CCTV Brandon C. Welsh, Ph.D. David P. Farrington, Ph.D. Brandon C. Welsh, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Criminal Justice University of Massachusetts Lowell 870 Broadway Street, Suite 2 Lowell, MA USA Tel: (978) Fax: (978) bcwelsh66@msn.com CCTV CCTV CCTV (Clarke, 1995) Clarke Homel(1997)
2 CCTV CCTV CCTV ( ) CCTV ( ) (Armitage, Smyth, and Pease, 1999, pp ) CCTV ( ) CCTV CCTV ( ) CCTV CCTV CCTV (Norris and Armstrong, 1999) (Nieto, 1997) CCTV CCTV 1 7 (2 5 ) (Home Office Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, 2001, p. 8) 75% CCTV Armitage(2002) CCTV CCTV (CCTV ) ( ) (Armitage, Smyth, and Pease, 1999, p. 226)
3 (Ditton and Short, 1999, p. 202) CCTV ( ) CCTV CCTV CCTV 1. CCTV ( ) CCTV CCTV 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) 3. ( )
4 (20 ) ( ) 4 1 ( ) 2 CCTV 3 CCTV Criminal Justice Abstracts National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) Abstracts Sociological Abstracts Social Science Abstracts (SocialSciAbs) Educational Resources Information Clearinghouse (ERIC) Government Publications Office Monthly Catalog (GPO Monthly) Psychology Information (PsychInfo) Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS) International Dissertation Abstracts Australian Criminology Database (CINCH). 1. Closed circuit television. 2. CCTV.
5 3. Cameras. 4. Social control. 5. Surveillance. 6. Formal surveillance. crime ( CCTV and crime ) ( ) CCTV Skinns (1998, p. 176) 63 ( ) (CCTV ) CCTV % 11.9% CCTV ( 10 ) 52 Grandmaison Tremblay(1997) % 18.3% Poyner(1991) (
6 ) CCTV 10 ( %) ( % ) CCTV ( ) CCTV ( ) ( 12 ) 1 2 CCTV 3 CCTV CCTV ( ( ) ) ( ) 4 CCTV 5 CCTV ( ) ( ) 6
7 7 8 CCTV CCTV CCTV 9 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6 (( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Reppetto, 1976; Barr and Pease, 1990) (Clarke and Weisburd, 1994)
8 ( ) CCTV CCTV (12 ) ( ) (OR) A B C d a,b,c,d a*d/b*c Lipsey Wilson(2001) ( ) ( ) ( )
9 % 20% ( 1/1.25) ( ) V (LOR) = 1/a + 1/b + 1/c + 1/d Patricia Altham 1 ( r) 2 ( ) V 1 (LOR) = Φ (V - C) Where V 1 (LOR) = corrected variance of LOR and C = 2r[1/ ab + 1/ cd] Dudley (r =.3 -.4; Φ = 3-5) SE(LOR )
10 Armitage, R. (2002). To CCTV or Not to CCTV? A Review of Current Research into the Effectiveness of CCTV Systems in Reducing Crime. London: National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders. Armitage, R., Smyth, G., and Pease, K. (1999). Burnley CCTV evaluation. In K. Painter and N. Tilley (Eds.), Surveillance of Public Space: CCTV, Street Lighting and Crime Prevention: Vol. 10. Crime Prevention Studies (pp ). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Barr, R. and Pease, K. (1990). Crime placement, displacement, and deflection. In M. Tonry and N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research: Vol. 12 (pp ). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Clarke, R.V. (1995). Situational crime prevention. In M. Tonry and D.P. Farrington (Eds.), Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention: Vol. 19. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (pp ). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Clarke, R.V. and Homel, R. (1997). A revised classification of situational crime prevention techniques. In S.P. Lab (Ed.), Crime Prevention at a Crossroads (pp ). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
11 Clarke, R.V. and Weisburd, D. (1994). Diffusion of crime control benefits: Observations on the reverse of displacement. In R.V. Clarke (Ed.), Crime Prevention Studies: Vol. 2 (pp ). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Ditton, J. and Short, E. (1999). Yes, it works, no, it doesn t: Comparing the effects of open-street CCTV in two adjacent Scottish town centres. In K. Painter and N. Tilley (Eds.), Surveillance of Public Space: CCTV, Street Lighting and Crime Prevention: Vol. 10. Crime Prevention Studies (pp ). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Eck, J.E. (2002). Preventing crime at places. In L.W. Sherman, D.P. Farrington, B.C. Welsh, and D.L. MacKenzie (Eds.), Evidence-Based Crime Prevention (pp ). London: Routledge. Home Office Policing and Reducing Crime Unit (2001). Invitation to Tender: Evaluation of CCTV Initiatives. Unpublished document. London: Author. Grandmaison, R. and Tremblay, P. (1997). Évaluation des effets de la télé -surveillance sur la criminalité commise dans 13 stations du Métro de Montréal. Criminologie, 30, Koch, B.C.M. (1998). The Politics of Crime Prevention. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Lipsey, M.W. and Wilson, D.B. (2001). Practical Meta-Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Nieto, M. (1997). Public Video Surveillance: Is It an Effective Crime Prevention Tool? Sacramento: California Research Bureau, California State Library. Norris, C. and Armstrong, G. (1999). The Maximum Surveillance Society: The Rise of CCTV. Oxford: Berg. Phillips, C. (1999). A review of CCTV evaluations: Crime reduction effects and attitudes towards its use. In K. Painter and N. Tilley (Eds.), Surveillance of Public Space: CCTV, Street Lighting and Crime Prevention: Vol. 10. Crime Prevention Studies (pp ). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Poyner, B. (1991). Situational crime prevention in two parking facilities. Security Journal, 2, Poyner, B. (1993). What works in crime prevention: An overview of evaluations. In R.V. Clarke (Ed.), Crime Prevention Studies. Vol. 1 (pp. 7-34). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice
12 Press. Reppetto, T.A. (1976). Crime prevention and the displacement phenomenon. Crime and Delinquency, 22, Skinns, D. (1998). Crime reduction, diffusion and displacement: Evaluating the effectiveness of CCTV. In C. Norris, J. Moran, and G. Armstrong (Eds.), Surveillance, Closed Circuit Television and Social Control (pp ). Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Welsh, B.C. and Farrington, D.P. (2002). Crime Prevention Effects of Closed Circuit Television: A Systematic Review. Home Office Research Study, No London: Home Office.
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Microsoft Word - cctv_review
Campbell Systematic Reviews 2008:17 First published: 2 December, 2008 Last updated: 2 December, 2008 CCTV による監視の防犯効果 Brandon C. Welsh, David P. Farrington Colophon Title Institution Effects of closed circuit
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