(QGP) WEB: E : : TEL: B F
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- あおい わしあし
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1 (QGP) WEB: E : : TEL: esumi@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp B F
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6 原子 原子核 クォーク 中 性 子 陽 子 原子 原子核 と 電子 からなる 極めて空虚な世界 1オングストローム 1億分の1cm クォーク 原子核 クォーク 陽子 や 中性子 という袋の中 に閉じ込められている 原子核 陽子 と 中性子 からなる 極めて高密度な世界 電子 1フェルミ 10万分の1オングストローム 10兆分の1cm
7 QGP (QGP)
8 ( ) QGP) ( ) QGP)
9 ( )
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14 PHENIX STAR PHENIX BNL ANL LLNL LANL
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16 (TPC ) 3
17 B (mv)
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19 385cm 200cm e + + PHENIX Preliminary K + Proton 200cm p e - - K -
20 (mv) + ( v) (m)
21 ( )
22 チェレンコフ光 物質中の光速(屈折 率によって遅くなる)より 粒子の速度 が速い時に出される光の衝撃波 v光=c/n (c 光速) (n 屈折率) 音速を超え る速度の ジェット機に よる衝撃波 と同じ原理
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24 R AA, R CP relative yield in A+A collisions normalized by p+p yield times number of binary collisions y x yield (A+A) R AA = <N coll > yield (p+p) yield Central / <N coll > Central R CP = yield Peripheral / <N coll > Periheral b N part : number of participant participant scaling x N coll : number of binary collision binary scaling z impact parameter : b 2x1=2 3x2=6 3x3=9 3x3=9 1x2=2 1x2= total 30 collisions total 23 participant nucleons spectators
25 i y 2 x
26 ~
27 Total charged particle multiplicity distribution Measured trend at AGS-SPS-RHIC energies is extrapolated to LHC energy. About 60% increase in dn/d from RHIC to LHC, which is 2.6 times in total yield. W. Busza, LHC Workshop, May/2007 W. Busza, LHC Workshop, May/2007
28 net-baryon distribution (stopping transparent) This tells us how the initial Baryon density is distributed in the final rapidity density. A wide net-baryon free region will be formed in the mid-rapidity. NA49 preliminary AGS SPS net proton dn/dy (BRAHMS preliminary) RHIC 62 RHIC 200 LHC 5500
29 thermal freeze-out the end of elastic interactions collective expansion locally thermal T eff = T fo m v 2
30 Particle ratio M. Kaneta and N. Xu, J. Phys. G27 (2001) 589 ch q s s : Chemical freeze-out temperature : light-quark chemical potential : strangeness chemical potential : strangeness saturation factor Q i s i g i m i : 1 for u and d, -1 for u and d : 1 for s, -1 for s : spin-isospin freedom : particle mass K2 : the second-order modified Bessel function Simple chemical freeze-out model remarkably well agrees with data. STAR Preliminary Central 130 GeV Au+Au
31 chemical freeze-out the end of inelastic interactions Chemical Temperature Tch [MeV] LEP/ SppS RHIC quarks-gluons SPS AGS SIS hadrons q q s s : chemical quark potential Tch : chemical freeze-out temperature Baryonic Potential B [MeV] : integrated particle yield over full phase space
32 p+be / 2s 1s 0s 3s 2s 1s
33 maximum in relative strangeness production at ~30 AGeV saturation for higher energies relative s-production energy scan not explained by hadron gas models although the general feature is captured (baryon meson dominated system) neither by UrQMD, HSD [E.L. Bratkovskaya et al., PRC 69, (2004)] predicted for a phase transition [Gazdzicki, Gorenstein, Acta. Phys. Polon. B30, 2705 (1999)] Redlich priv. com., Hadron Gas, s =1 Gazdzicki and Gorenstein
34 S r r A 2 2 2/3 dn / dy G l u o n s a t u r a t i o n s c a le : Q S d N / r d y 2 dn / dy S 0 1 G e V T init T C t z T ch T kin < > dn ch /d
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36 ( ) p y atan p p y x z y x y 2 x 2 v 2 p x y 2 x 2 2 p x p x 2 2 p y 2 p y particle R.P. (rad)
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38 QM06 Similar effect from the time-difference is seen in v 2 SPS STAR preliminary early freeze-out T fo
39 Particle identified v 2 at RHIC Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, (2007) Number of constituent quark scaling in hadron v 2 as well as multi-strange baryon v 2 : v 2 is already established during the quark phase before the hadronization. This seems to be true even for heavy quark like charm. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, (2007) (c) (u,d,s)
40 more hints of charm quark collectivity N. Xu, SQM 2006, PHENIX (, K, p, J/ ): PRC69, (04), QM05; STAR (,, ): QM05 PBM et. al. QM06 RHIC PHENIX J/ SPS SPS AuAu Central charm hadron SQM06, Yifei Zhang AuAu Central strangeness hadron AuAu Central, K, p J/ would need re-generation, both J/ and open charm spectra are consistent with small transverse radial flow, which might be built up during partonic stage
41 2 ( ) thermal freeze-out temperature Single spectra hydrodynamic model HBT radii transverse flow velocity
42 The ellipse is still vertical (negative w.r.t. R.P.), but is smaller than at AGS (closer to circle)
43 initial R R / R R y x y x initial final final 2R 2 s,2 / R 2 s,0
44 Au Au Au+Au Au d d+au
45 70-80% PERIPHERAL N coll = % CENTRAL N coll = Yield Suppressed! p T [GeV/c] p T [GeV/c]
46 Au + Au Experiment phenix d + Au Experiment Au d
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48 Au+Au??? p+p jet+jet jet nucleon parton nucleon
49 jet p p Au Au jet Leading hadrons p Mediump
50 jet modification and cone like structure PHENIX nucl-ex/ STAR preliminary 0-5% Pb +Au 17GeV p T trig =2.5-4 GeV/c p T assoc =1-2.5 GeV/c 0-12% 200 GeV Au+Au CERES preliminary PHENIX Preliminary 10-20% Au+Au 200GeV p T trig =2.5-4 GeV/c p T assoc =1-2.5 GeV/c STAR preliminary 0-12% Au+Au 200GeV p T trig =3-4 GeV/c p T assoc =1-2 GeV/c CERES preliminary 0-5% Pb +Au 17GeV p T trig =2.5-4 GeV/c p T assoc =1-2.5 GeV/c The bulk and jet interaction is there, but in Cu+Cu/Au+Au and SPS-RHIC?!?
51 Physics Motivation: em probes time e- e+ Expansion Hard Scattering space Hadronization QGP Thermaliztion Freeze-out Au Au electro-magnetic radiation:, e+e-, + rare, emitted any time ; reach detector unperturbed by strong final state interaction
52 J/ c c Normal nuclear absorption mb Color Screening
53 J/
54 NA50 at SPS (0<y<1) PHENIX at RHIC ( y <0.35) another hint of charm quark collectivity Bar: uncorrelated error Bracket : correlated error Global error = 12% is not shown
55 QGP ( ) e + e - e + e - KEK PS CERN SPS
56 BNL RHIC Clear enhancement is observed in the mass region below.
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