atomic line spectrum emission line absorption line atom proton neutron nuclei electron Z atomic number A mass number neutral atom ion energy
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1 atomic line spectrum emission line absorption line atom proton neutronnuclei electron Z atomic number A mass number neutral atom ion energy level ground stateexcited state ionized state transition E 2 E 1 h = E 2 ; E 1 (22.1)
2 2 E 1 E 2 bound-bound transition bound-free transition free-free transition 22.1 H He Fe Z A Rydberg formula 1 = c = Z 2 R y 1 n 2 ; 1 n 02 (22.2) Z n n 0 n<n 0 R y 10 ;27 erg s 22.3 n =1 n 0 >n Lyman series n =2 n 0 >n Balmer series n =3 n 0 >npaschen series L L L H H H P P P R y =1: m ;1 (22.3) R y = me 4 (22.4) 1+m=M ch 3 M m = 9: ;28 g m=m e = 4: ;10 esu c = 2: cm s ;1 h = 6: M = M = 4 m=m =0
3 n =1 n 0 = 1 ev ionization energy 22.6 K n = 1 n 0 =2 n =1 n 0 = 1 kev A B spectral type 20 O B A F G K M 22.1 [K] O B A F H K G K M
4 B O B0 A B9 A B B B Be star Be e emission line e 22.6 B v v r v t proper motion r r t v t v t = r (22.5) t 1 Oh! Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me, Right Now, Sweet! R N S 22.8
5 5 radial velocity 0 redshift z z ; 0 0 (22.6) v r c z = v r c v r (22.7) v r = cz = ; 0 0 c (22.8) km/s 22.4 X X 19 X accretion disk cataclysmic variable L1 accretion disk X X X X-ray
6 6 star EX Cowley et al X EX EX 0:7M 0:16M 98 X
7 EX EX 22.5 SS 433 X astrophysical jet km 23
8 SS433 SS433 SS kpc SS 433 SS433 W50 A X SS433 R H 656.3nm 715.4nm B H 643.8nm SS R B SS433 Margon et al SS433 H H R B R' B' Margon 1980 H R B
9 9 164 R B km SS433 SS433 SS km 26 R B B B R R R B R B 12000km SS433 SS SS433 SS
10 normal galaxy active galaxy supermassive black hole C273 Seyfert galaxy radio galaxy
11 C273 quasar 1963 BLLac BL Lac object BLLac blazar A NGC z =0:0009 pc X Blandford et al H H HeI 2 [OIII] km/s 500km/s km/s 0.1
12 12 BLR broad line region NLR narrow line region Z = 26 1 ev 1:6 10 ;12 erg s ; X X X h 7keV 6.39keV uorescence line X X X X X BLR NLR 2 NLR 2 BLR 10 BLR NLR 1 BLR 2 1 2
13 K HST 7 9 Hubble's law recession velocity v r v = Hr (22.9) H Hubble constant 1Mpc [km/s] Ia
14 14 H =71 4km=s=Mpc (22.10) v z z 0.1 v = cz (22.11) v c = 2z + z2 (22.12) 2+2z + z 2 z v z 1+z = s 1+v=c 1 ; v=c (22.13) z v = cz 5
15 molecular line interstellar molecular line 3 H2O NH CO CO 10 K 50 K H H 2
16 CO CS HCO HCN mm mm interstellar molecule HC 1 1 OH C 60 C60- fullerene 1995
17 [GHz] H 2 O CO CS SiO SiS HNO H 2 S OCS SO NH HCN HNC CCCO HNCO HNCS HCCCN CH 3 CN CH 3 CCH CH 2 CHCN bipolar jet CH 3 CCCN CH 3 CH2CN HC 5 N HC 7 N HC 9 N HC 11 N H 2 CO H 2 CS CH 2 NH NH 2 CN CH 3 OH NH 2 CHO CH 3 SH CH 3 NH CH 3 CHO HCOOCH CH 3 CH 2 OH CH 3 OCH C 3 H 2 HCO HN HCS CH CN NO NS OH SO CCH HCO CCCH CCCN C 4 H SS L1551 L1551 CO CO IRS5 5 30
18 18 L1551 L km L1551 km 100 km 10 km km CO K 50 K
19 19 (microwave amplication by stimulated emission of radiation) (maser) H2O OH CH3OH SiO Sbc NGC4258 M LINER NGC megamaser 24 21cm 21 cm cm 1 1 spin
20 20 =21: cm = 1420:40575 MHz 21 cm 21 cm 21 cm 24.3 M31 M31 M cm 24.3 M M31 2
21 21 galactic rotation rotation curve 7 iso-velocity contour M31 M
22 e ; e + pair annihilate kev 511 kev pair annihilation line + T = m e c 2 =k 60 p e ; e + e ; pair 25.1 pe pee + e ; ee eee + e ; p pe + e ; e ee + e ; e + e ; e e + e ; 25.2 pe pe ee ee e + e ; e + e ; e e e e e + e ; e + e ; e + e ; e e + e ; 25.1 Cyg X E { 2942 X X Sgr A X Sgr A X 21
23 23 Sgr A X 1E { kev 10 ;3 s ;1 cm ; X 1E {2942 Sgr A 1E {2942 1E {2942 X ; Sgr A 48 2 :32 :3 X Sgr A X 1E { {120 kev X 8 :2 8 :2 X X 1E {2942 GRS 1758{ X 1E {2942 X 1E {2942 kev X X kev X 1E { GRANAT X 1E {2942 X X 3{15 kev X
24 VLA X 1E { 2942 VLA X 1E {2942 6cm 1 2pc 3 pc M 1E { X Cyg X-1 3
2 X-ray 6 gamma-ray 7 1 17.1 0:38m 0:77m nm 17.2 Hz Hz 1 E p E E = h = ch= (17.2) p = E=c = h=c = h= (17.3) continuum continuous spectrum line spectru
1 17 object 1 observation 17.1 X electromagnetic wave photon 1 = c (17.1) c =3 10 8 ms ;1 m mm = 10 ;3 m m =10 ;6 m nm = 10 ;9 m 1 Hz 17.1 spectrum radio 2 infrared 3 visual light optical light 4 ultraviolet
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