a) Recent Trends of Satellite Communication Technologies Applied to New Frontiers Naoto KADOWAKI a), Morio TOYOSHIMA, Amane MIURA, Shin-ichi YAMAMOTO,
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1 a) Recent Trends of Satellite Communication Technologies Applied to New Frontiers Naoto KADOWAKI a), Morio TOYOSHIMA, Amane MIURA, Shin-ichi YAMAMOTO, Takashi TAKAHASHI, Naoko YOSHIMURA, Hiroyuki TSUJI, Kenichi TAKIZAWA, Yoshihisa TAKAYAMA, and Yasushi MUNEMASA Ka Gbps 622 Mbps 1. GPS Strategic Planning Department, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4 2 1, Nukuikitamachi, Koganei-shi, Japan Wireless Network Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4 2 1, Nukui-kitamachi, Koganei-shi, Japan Wireless Network Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 3 4, Hikarino-Oka, Yokosuka-shi, Japan a) naoto@nict.go.jp KA-SAT ViaSAT Inmarsat Gbps Ka TerraSAR-X Gbps LADEE 622 Mbps B Vol. J97 B No. 11 pp c
2 2014/11 Vol. J97 B No L Iridium Inmarsat Thuraya ACeS [1], [2] Iridium Inmarsat Inmarsat 3 Inmarsat Inmarsat I-4 Thuraya m 200 / / / / 13,750 ACeS 12 m ,672 GSM Thuraya [3] 2000 Ancillary Terrestrial Component ATC Federal Communications Commission: FCC 2003 [4] Mobile Satellite Service: MSS MSS/ATC L/S [5] [7] 6 10 kw m 22 m Ground Based Beam Forming GBBF / Complementally Ground Component CGC [8] Solaris Mobile Satellite Digital Mobile Broadcast SDMB 3G/Beyond3G 2009 Eutelsat-W2A S 12 m [9] APT Asia Pacific Telecommunity APT Wireless Group AWG L/S 30 MHz Digital Beam Former: DBF GBBF 20 m Geo- Mobile Radio GMR European Telecommunications Standards Institute: ETSI [10] [12] GSM 2 3 International Telecommunication Union: ITU ITU-R 4 IMT-Advanced 2 [13] Enhanced 980
3 Geostationary Air Link EGAL [14] AWG / Satellite/Terrestrial Integrated Mobile Communication System: STICS [15] 2013 AWG14 APT MHz MHz 3 GHz MSS [16], [17] 2. 2 N-STAR S / II [18], [19] Iridium Inmarsat [20] Inmarsat IsatPhone Pro Thuraya [21] [23] VIII Engineering Test satellite: ETS-VIII 2006 [24] ETS-VIII 13 m [25] NICT STICS [26] DBF JAXA 30 m [27] CDMA TDMA [28] 2. 3 [29] GHz [30] S ITU-R MSS Question [31] ITU-R L/S National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: NOAA Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis DART [32] [33] GPS GPS 981
![2014/11 Vol. J97 B No. 11 1 Fig. 1 Buoy and satellite communication system. ETS-VIII [34] GPS GPS [35] GPS GPS 2013 12 2014 1 1 [36] ETS-VIII [37] 3.](/docs-images/99/140073784/images/4-0.jpg "3. 1 1993 NASA Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) 100 Mbps 622 Mbps 1990 Ka 2007 Spaceway-3 / 16/30 Mbps ATM 2010 Eutelsat KA-SAT 2011 ViaSAT ViaSAT-1 70 Gbps 140 Gbps 1 10 Mbps 100")
4 2014/11 Vol. J97 B No Fig. 1 Buoy and satellite communication system. ETS-VIII [34] GPS GPS [35] GPS GPS [36] ETS-VIII [37] NASA Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) 100 Mbps 622 Mbps 1990 Ka 2007 Spaceway-3 / 16/30 Mbps ATM 2010 Eutelsat KA-SAT 2011 ViaSAT ViaSAT-1 70 Gbps 140 Gbps 1 10 Mbps 100 Mbps Intelast Gbps Mbps Ka Epic Ka O3b 30 Other 3 billion 8,000 km 12 Ka Inmarsat-5 Ka 3 Ka 3. 2 Ka Wideband InterNetworking engineering test and Demonstration Satellite: WINDS NICT JAXA [38] WINDS 143 Ka GHz GHz Multi Beam Antenna: MBA Active Phased Array Antenna: APAA WINDS [39] 155 Mbps 3 DEM 3 ATMS 2 1 MOD Mbps 51 Mbps Mbps TDMA 982
5 1.1 GHz / 2m Satellite Switch: SS WINDS NICT JAXA [40] WINDS [41] [43] [44], [45] [46] 1.2 Gbps NICT [47] WINDS 1.1 GHz 1.2 Gbps 1.1 GHz 622 Mbps TDMA 4K SS-TDMA [48] WINDS SHV Super High Vision [49] SHV WINDS NHK 16APSK-OFDM 3.2 Gbps [50] / kbps 1 Mbps Mbps EIRP 983
6 2014/11 Vol. J97 B No (Unmanned Aircraft: UA) Unmanned Aircraft Systems: UAS UA UA UA 2013 Federal Aviation Administration: FAA UA [51] UA ITU-R UAS ITU International Civil Aviation Organization: ICAO UAS ITU-R 2012 World Radiocommunication Conference: WRC 5030 MHz 5091 MHz AMS(R)S (Aeronautical Mobile Satellite (Route) Service) UAS UAS AM(R)S (Aeronautical Mobile (Route) Service) WRC-12 Agenda Item WRC ITU-R UAS FSS Ku Ka UAS WRC-15 Agenda Item CNPC Fig. 2 Configuration of UAS and CNPC link. FSS [52] UA UA ITU-R UAS 2 (FSS) (UA ES) (Unmanned Aircraft Control Station: UACS) (Control and Non-Payload Communications: CNPC) UA ES UA ES UA ES UA UAS 2014 ITU-R ITU-R ITU-R 4. 2 UA 984
![招待論文 新たな広がりを見せる衛星通信技術の最新動向 Fig. 3 図 3 耐災害ワイヤレスメッシュネットワーク実証実験設備の概要 [54] Verification facility for the resilient wireless mesh network technology [54].](/docs-images/99/140073784/images/7-0.jpg "の利用が進んでおり 産業用無人ヘリコプタは国内で クトの研究開発目標は 災害時に発生する通信の輻輳 開発製造が行われている また 近年の UA の自立飛 を軽減するためのネットワーク基盤技術 耐災害情報 行技術の進歩に伴い 火山観測などの観測分野でも利 分析システム 災害に強いワイヤレスネットワーク技 用が始められている 特に小型 UAS は災害監視や環 術")
7 招待論文 新たな広がりを見せる衛星通信技術の最新動向 Fig. 3 図 3 耐災害ワイヤレスメッシュネットワーク実証実験設備の概要 [54] Verification facility for the resilient wireless mesh network technology [54]. の利用が進んでおり 産業用無人ヘリコプタは国内で クトの研究開発目標は 災害時に発生する通信の輻輳 開発製造が行われている また 近年の UA の自立飛 を軽減するためのネットワーク基盤技術 耐災害情報 行技術の進歩に伴い 火山観測などの観測分野でも利 分析システム 災害に強いワイヤレスネットワーク技 用が始められている 特に小型 UAS は災害監視や環 術 また大規模災害時においても可能な限り通信を維 境センサとしての用途にも関心が高まりつつある [53] 持するためのワイヤレスメッシュネットワーク技術の 2011 年 3 月 11 日に東日本大震災が起こった際 通信 確立である インフラは 地震や津波により多大な被害を受けただ プロジェクトのなかで 災害により携帯電話網やイ けでなく 通常時の 50 倍を超える通信の集中や 広 ンターネット網が被災して使用不能になった場合でも 域の停電に伴う機能喪失などによって 通信の確保に 生き残った利用可能な地上設備だけでなく 通信衛星 大きな支障が生じた この経験により 災害直後の速 や上空の UA による中継など異なる通信手段とも連携 やかな通信回線の確保や通信インフラの回復が必要で するとともに 集中型の管理サーバを必要としない強 あることが認識された 一方 衛星回線は災害時に強 い耐災害機能を備えた耐災害ワイヤレスメッシュネッ くその有効性が東日本大震災においても再確認された トワーク技術の実証設備が構築された 図 3 にその概 しかしながら災害直後の衛星回線を含めた幾つかの通 要を示す この技術は 建物の屋上や地面等に固定あ 信インフラは それぞれが相互に連携して中継を行う るいは仮置きされた簡単な基地局設備をメッシュ状に ことができず それぞれの特徴を最大限に活用するこ 無線で結び 普段はインターネットとつながって動作 とが困難であった 一方 このような災害時を対象と し 非常時はインターネットとは独立した動作も可能 した相互の無線中継システムの開発は これまで 国 となり 既存の通信設備が使用不能な環境でのスマー 内はもとより世界でもまだほとんど例がないのが現状 トフォンやパソコン等を用いた地域での安否確認や通 である 話などを可能とするものである この経験を踏まえ 2012 年に仙台を拠点として 総 NICT では この耐災害ワイヤレスメッシュネット 務省 NICT 東北大学 民間企業による災害に強い ワークの一部として 小型 UA 利用した無線中継シス 情報通信ネットワークの構築を目指した 産学官連携 テムを開発した [55] 本システムは 小型 軽量の中 研究開発プロジェクト が開始された [54] プロジェ 継器を搭載した小型 UA をネットワーク孤立地域周辺 985
8 2014/11 Vol. J97 B No TCP UDP RTP ICMP UA LAN 2GHz +33 dbm 21km UDP [56] 4. 3 UA UA UAS FSS UAS NASA JPL 1994 JAXA VI ETS-VI 6 CRL NICT Laser Communication Equipment: LCE [57] 2001 GeoLite ESA ARTEMIS SPOT OICETS ARTEMIS [58] 2006 OICETS NICT [59] NFIRE TerraSAR-X 5.6 Gbps [60] 2012 NASA LRO [61] 2013 LADEE [62], [63] ITU-R 3THz THz [64] [65] Space Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG) Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Inter-agency Operations Advisory Group (IOAG) SFCG 2003 Optical Communications CCSDS IOAG [66] 2013 CCSDS IOAG µm 1.0 µm 1.5 µm 1.0 µm 1.5 µm [66] 986
9 NICT (RRL) [67] 1982 III ETS-III 3 3 [68], [69] 1988 CRL 1.5 m 1994 ETS-VI LCE (IMDD) 1 Mbps [70] 2005 OICETS ARTEMIS 2006 OICETS NICT 0.8 µm 50 Mbps [71] 1990 [72] [75] RF RF 10 RF Gbps NICT SOTA (Small Optical TrAnsponder) [76] 6kg 1.5 µm 10 Mbps 1.5 µm SOTA 50 kg SOCRATES (Space Optical Communication Research Advanced Technology Satellite) JAXA ALOS-2 NICT [77] JAXA GPM SindaiSat LED [78] NICT 2013 [79]
10 2014/11 Vol. J97 B No RF [1] T. Iida, J. Pelton, and E. Ashford, Satellite communications in the 21st century: trends and technologies, AIAA, July [2] 4 BGAN Space Japan Review, no.46, April/May [3] SatSleeve for iphone, Thuraya, thuraya.com/satsleeve, June 8, [4] Federal Communications Commission, FCC 03-15, Jan [5] J.L. Walker, B. Day, and S. Xie, Architecture, implementation and performance of ground-based beam forming in the DBSD G1 mobile satellite system, Proc. 28th AIAA ICSSC, AIAA , CA, USA, Aug.-Sept [6] D. Semler, A. Tulintseff, R. Sorrell, and J. Marshburn, Design, integration, and deployment of the terrestar 18-meter reflector, Proc. 28th AIAA ICSSC, AIAA , CA, USA, Aug.-Sept [7] P.B. de Selding, Boeing finishes deployment of stuck SkyTerra 1 antenna, SPACENEWS, spacenews.com/article/boeing-finishes-deploymentstuck-skyterra-1-antenna, Dec. 14, [8] On the harmonised use of radio spectrum in the 2 GHz frequency bands for the implementation of systems providing mobile satellite services, 2007/98/EC, Feb [9] H. Ischebeck, Solaris mobile corporate presentation, Colloquium Integrated Satellite Systems, 27th AIAA ICSSC, June [10] ETSI TS V1.1.1, March [11] ETSI TS V1.1.1, March [12] ETSI TS V3.1.1, July [13] ITU-R M , Detailed specifications of the satellite radio interfaces of International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced), ITU, Dec [14] [15] New apt report on studies for the efficient interoperability between satellite and terrestrial services in the area of disaster mitigation and relief, AWG- 14/OUT-03, March [16] Questionnaire on apt frequency usage of the bands mhz and mhz in asia pacific region, AWG-14/OUT-16, March [17] Proposed revision of terms of reference and work plan for the task group on modern satellite applications, AWG-14/TMP-14 (Rev.1), March [18] N-STAR NTT Docomo vol.4, no.2, pp.6 9, July [19] II NTT Docomo vol.18, no.2, pp.37 42, July [20] KDDI, cloud-network-voice/satellite/, June 8, [21] docomo Business Online, IsatPhone PRO NTT docomo, biz/html/service/isatphonepro/, June 8, [22] IsatPhone Pro TM KDDI, June 8, [23] 201TH, SoftBank, mobile/product/satellite phone/201th/, June 8, [24] VIII vol.49, nos.3/4, [25] VIII B vol.j91-b, no.12, pp , Dec [26] / SAT , July [27] 30m Space Japan Review, no.80, June/July/Aug./Sept [28] MW , Dec
11 [29] GHz 2GHz Jan [30] GHz 2GHz Jan [31] System architecture and performance aspects on integrated MSS systems, ITU-R Document 4B/ TEMP/59-E, Feb [32] C. Meinig, M.C. Eble, and S.E. Stalin, System development and performance of the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) system from , ITS 2001 Proceedings, pp , Aug [33] go.jp/jma/press/1212/25a/dart tsunami keihou katsuyou.html, Dec. 24, [34] 57 JSASS , Oct [35] GPS 57 JSASS , Oct [36] VIII 8 GPS press/2013/12/16-1.html, Dec. 16, [37] 8 57 JSASS , Oct [38] WINDS vol.53, no.4, [39] vol.91, no.9, pp , Sept [40] WINDS B vol.j94-b, no.3, pp , March [41] T. Takahashi, M. Akioka, T. Terada, N. Katayama, M. Ohkawa, T. Asai, A. Akaishi, S. Nagai, and R. Suzuki, Supporting disaster countermeasure activities using WINDS satellite link, Proc. International Astronautical Congress, IAC-11-B , Cape Town, South Africa, [42] NICT 55 JSASS , [43] WINDS JAXA 55 JSASS , [44] 57 JSASS , [45] 57 JSASS , [46] A10, [47] WINDS 622Mbit/s TDMA B vol.j94-b, no.3, pp , March [48] M. Ohkawa, A. Akaishi, T. Asai, S. Nagai, N. Katayama, K. Kawasaki, and T. Takahashi, Three terminals communication and TCP performance experiments by WINDS 622/1244Mbits/s TDMA system, Proc. 18th Ka and Broadband Communications Navigation and Earth Observation Conference, Ottawa, Canada, Sept [49] vol.62, no.9, [50] 16APSK-OFDM 3.2Gbps WINDS 2014 B-3-38, March [51] FAA Safety Briefing, Nov./Dec. 2013, news/safety briefing [52] Space Japan Review, no.74, June/July [53] ITU-R M.2171, [54] AN , Jan [55] NICT news, 1305 pp.1 2, May [56] F. Ono, T. Kagawa, L. Shan, K. Takizawa, H. Tsuji, and R. Miura, Measurement of TCP and UDP performance over UAS relay networks, Proc International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems, May [57] M. Toyoshima, K. Araki, Y. Arimoto, M. Toyoda, M. 989
12 2014/11 Vol. J97 B No. 11 Jeganathan, K. Wilson, and J.R. Lesh, Reduction of ETS-VI laser communication equipment opticaldownlink telemetry collected during GOLD, TDA Progress Report, , pp.1 9, Feb [58] M. Toyoda, M. Toyoshima, T. Takahashi, M. Shikatani, Y. Arimoto, K. Araki, and T. Aruga, Ground to ETS-VI narrow laser beam transmission, Proc. SPIE 2699, pp.71 80, [59] T. Jono, Y. Takayama, K. Shiratama, I. Mase, B. Demelenne, Z. Sodnik, A. Bird, M. Toyoshima, H. Kunimori, D. Giggenbach, N. Perlot, M. Knapek, and K. Arai, Overview of the inter-orbit and the orbitto-ground lasercom demonstration by OICETS, Proc. SPIE, 6457, pp , [60] B. Smutny, H. Kaempfner, G. Mühlnikel, U. Sterr, B. Wandernoth, F. Heine, U. Hildebrand, D. Dallmann, M. Reinhardt, A. Freier, R. Lange, K. Boehmer, T. Feldhaus, J. Mueller, A. Weichert, P. Greulich, S. Seel, R. Meyer, and R. Czichy, 5.6 Gbps optical intersatellite communication link, Proc. SPIE, 7199, pp , [61] X. Sun, D.R. Skillman, E.D. Hoffman, D. Mao, J.F. McGarry, L. McIntire, R.S. Zellar, F.M. Davidson, W.H. Fong, M.A. Krainak, G.A. Neumann, M.T. Zuber, and D.E. Smith, Free space laser communication experiments from Earth to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in lunar orbit, Opt. Exp., 21, 2, pp , [62] J. Buck and D. Washington, NASA laser communication system sets record with data transmissions to and from moon, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Offical, NASA Press release , Oct [63] LADEE fact sheet, NASA Ames Research Center, FS-ARC [64] ITU-R Resolution 118, Recommendation S.1590, p , p.1622 [65] ITU vol.43, no.6, pp.40 42, [66] K.-J. Schulz and J. Rush, Results of the Optical Link Study Group, Proc. Space Ops , [67] T. Aruga and T. Igarashi, Three-axes attitude determination of spacecraft using a laser, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol.aes-13, no.5, pp , [68] 9 no.3, pp.9 10, [69] ETS-III 9 no.4, pp.11 12, [70] VI (ETS-VI) vol.43, no.3, pp , [71] (OICETS) vol.58, nos.1/2, [72] [73] B vol.j85-b, no.12, pp , Dec [74] C vol.j80-c1, no.10, pp , Oct [75] Y. Munemasa, M. Mita, T. Takano, and M. Sano, Light-wave antenna with a small aperture manufactured using MEMS processing technology, IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag., vol.55, no.11, pp , Nov [76] SOCRATES 57 JSASS , [77] SOCRATES 57 JSASS , [78] 57 JSASS , [79] SAT , NICT AUSSAT ATR NICT (AIAA) IEEE ( ) IEEE OSA 990
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