99(4): (1991)

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1 99(4): (1991)

2 Fig. 1. Location of Akkeshi-cho where the Shimodanosawa site is situated.

3 Fig. 2. Right lateral and facial views of the Shimodanosawa skull. Table 1. Craniometry of the Shimodanosawa skull Fig. 3. The third occipital condyle on the base of the Shimodanosawa skull.

4 Table 2. Mesiodistal tooth-crown diameters of the Shimodanosawa skull (right side)

5 Table 3. PENROSE's distances from the Shimodanosawa skull based on cranial measurements (r=71)) 1) Maximum length, Maximum breadth, Basion-bregma height, Basion-prosthion length, Orbital height, Nasal breadth, Palatal length. 2) KOGANEI (1893; supplemented by YAMAGUCHI, 1977). 3) YAMASAKI et al. (1967).

6 Fig. 4. Standardized deviations of the Shimodanosawa cranial measurements from the mean of the Hokkaido Ainu (-) and that of the Tohoku Japanese (...). Table 4. PENROSE's distances from the Shimodanosawa skull based on mesiodistal tooth-crown diameter (r =131)) 1) UI 1, UI 2, UC, UP 1, UP 2, UM 1, UM 2, LI 1, LC, LP 1, LP 2, LM 1, LM 2, 2) Basic statistics of tooth-crown diameters are given in MATSUMURA (1989).

7 Table 5. Likelihood ratio analysis of cranial nonmetric traitsl) 1) For bilateral traits, occurrences on the right side were taken into account. 2) DODO and ISHIDA (1987). 3) The cranial series of the modern Japanese (DODO and ISHIDA,1987) and early modern Japanese (DODO, 1975) were combined. 4) DODO (1974, 1975). 5) Present study. * The zero proportion is replaced by 1/4n (BARTLETT's adjustment).

DODO, Y., 1974: Non-metrical cranial traits in the Hokkaido Ainu and the northern Japanese of recent times. J. Anthrop. Soc. Nippon, 82: 31-51. DODO, Y.

10 DODO, Y., 1974: Non-metrical cranial traits in the Hokkaido Ainu and the northern Japanese of recent times. J. Anthrop. Soc. Nippon, 82: DODO, Y., 1975: Non-metric traits in the Japanese crania of the Edo period. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Ser. D, 1: DODO, Y., 1986: Metrical and non-metrical analyses of Jomon crania from eastern Japan. In: AKAZAWA, T, and C.M. AIKENS (ed.) Prehistoric Hunter- Gatherers in Japan. Univ. Mus., Univ. Tokyo, Bull., 27: DODO, Y. and H. ISHIDA, 1987: Incidences of nonmetric cranial variants in several population samples from East Asia and North America. J. Anthrop. Soc. Nippon, 95: KANDA, S., 1978: Anthropological study on the excavated skulls from the Usu shell mound in Hokkaido, Japan - a contribution to the Ainu problem -. Z. Morph. Anthrop., 69: KOGANEI, Y., Beitrage zur physischen Anthropologie der Aino. I. Untersuchungen am Skelet. Mittheil, med. Fac. Univ. Tokyo, 2: MATSUMURA, H., 1989: Geographical variation of dental measurements in the Jomon population. J. Anthrop. Soc. Nippon, 97: MATSUMURA, H., 1990: Geographical variation of dental characteristics in the Japanese of the protohistoric Kofun period. J. Anthrop. Soc. Nippon, 98: OSSENBERG, N.S., 1969: Discontinuous morphological variation in the human cranium. Ph. D. thesis of the University of Toronto. WATANABE, S., 1938: Kraniologie der Yakumo Aino. Sapporo. YAMAGUCHI, B., 1967: A comparative osteological study of the Ainu and the Australian Aborigines. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (Occasional Papers No. 10), Canberra. YAMAGUCHI, B., 1977: A comparative study of the skulls of the Ontario Iroquoians and of Asiatic populations. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Ser. D, 3: YAMAGUCHI, B., 1981: Non-metric variants in the postcranial bones of the Ainu, Iroquois, and Japanese. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Ser. D, 7:

12 Summary A Human Skeleton of the Satsumon Period from the Shimodanosawa Site, Akkeshi-cho, Eastern Hokkaido Yukio DoDo1), Masahiko KIDA1), Hajime ISHIDA1) and Hirofumi MATSUMURA2) 1) Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical College, Sapporo 2) Department of Anthropology, National Science Museum, Tokyo The Satsumon culture flourished throughout Hokkaido from about the 8th century to the 13th century A.D. before the emergence of the Ainu in recent times. Human skeletal remains of this period, however, have rarely been discovered. In 1966, the archaeological excavation team directed by Mr. S. Sawa of the Kushiro City Museum unearthed human skeletal remains from a grave pit of the Satsumon period at the Shimodanosawa site, Akkeshi-cho, eastern Hokkaido (Fig. 1). This skeletal material, consisting of the skull and parts of the post-cranial skeleton, was intensively examined for this study. The age and sex of these remains were judged from the morphological evidence to be an adult female. Although PENROSE's shape distance based on seven cranial measurements showed that the Shimodanosawa individual was slightly closer to the modern Tohoku Japanese than to the Hokkaido Ainu (Tables 1 and 3), the same distances based on 13 mesiodistal tooth-crown diameters showed that the Shimodanosawa was far closer to the Hokkaido Ainu than to the modern Japanese (Tables 2 and 4). Moreover, a likelihood ratio analysis of cranial nonmetric traits indicated that the Shimodanosawa remains were far more likely to have come from the Ainu population than from the modern Japanese population (Table 5). Noticeable, as to the nonmetric traits of the Shimodanosawa skull, was the occurrence of a well-defined third occipital condyle, which is known to be relatively frequent in the Ainu but extremely rare in the Japanese (Fig. 3). The shoveling of the upper central incisors was slight in the Shimodanosawa as it is in the Ainu and the Jomon. With regard to the post-cranial bones of the Shimodanosawa remains, such traits as the ponticulus posterior of the atlas, the narrow and deep intercondylar notch, as well as the pilastered shaft of the femur, and the transversely flattened shaft of the tibia are all believed to appear more frequently in the Ainu than in the Japanese population. Therefore, taking all the results obtained from this study into consideration, it can be concluded that the total morphological pattern of the Shimodanosawa skeletal remains is substantially not different from that of the Hokkaido Ainu of recent times.

13 Yukio DODO Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical College Minami 1, Nishi 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan

Visual Evaluation of Polka-dot Patterns Yoojin LEE and Nobuko NARUSE * Granduate School of Bunka Women's University, and * Faculty of Fashion Science,

Visual Evaluation of Polka-dot Patterns Yoojin LEE and Nobuko NARUSE * Granduate School of Bunka Women's University, and * Faculty of Fashion Science, Bunka Women's University, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8523