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1 色のコントラスト感度特性 池田宏明国立大学法人千葉大学大学院工学研究科 ( 名誉教授 グランドフェロー ) <ikeda@faculty.chiba-u.jp> 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
2 色のコントラスト感度特性 無彩色のコントラスト感度から色のコントラスト感度への拡張 コントラスト コントラスト感度 コントラスト感度特性 補色対の条件 一つの補色対を対象としたコントラスト感度特性を得るための官能試験 試験方法と結果 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
3 コントラスト感度 (Contrast Sensitivity) 視力によって見える限度 ( 範囲 ) が変化する どの程度の細部が識別できるか 視力 1.0 の人は, 空間周波数で 30 cycle/degree まで それは次の関数となろう 対象の大きさ 照明のレベル ( 物体の場合 ) コントラスト 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
4 Seeing your own CSF Spatial Frequency Contrast 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
5 コントラストの定義 ( 複数ある ) 均一な背景に対するコントラスト 周期的輝度変化に対するコントラスト バンドパスエネルギーコントラスト コントラスト感度 (Contrast Sensitivity) コントラストの逆数として定義 C C C W M P i = = = L L Lmax L L + L BPi LP max i min min 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
6 コントラスト感度特性 (CSF) の定義 Luminance, L 濃度又は明度 (luminance; L) を正弦状に変化 L_max 異なる空間周波数で正弦状に変化する濃度 (sinusoidal grating) を人間が見たときの識別限界コントラスト (Contrast Threshold) の逆数 0.2 L_min One dimensional position (arbitrary x L( x) = a0 + a1 sin 2π x= a0 + a1 sin 2π x 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム f
7 コントラスト & コントラスト感度 f 空間周波数 (spatial frequency) =Cycles/ 視角 ( 度 ) [cpd] において, C コントラストは, 最大 L 明度を max, L 最小明度を min として Lmax Lmin a1 C = = L + L a max 0 C 1 min 0 CS コントラスト感度 (Contrast sensitivity) f は, ある空間周波数で判別できるか否かの識別限界コントラストの逆数 a0 1 CS = = C 1 CS C 1 < C C 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム a C C
8 コントラスト感度特性の数式モデル b( f ) = = 2.6( f ( f ) e ) e (0.114f (0.114 ) 1.1 f ) Pattern not Contrast Pattern not seen Pattern seen Contrast sensitivity 0.1 Pattern seen Spatial frequency [cpd Spatial frequency [cpd] 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
9 数式モデルの二次元への拡張 (1) 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
10 数式モデルの二次元への拡張 (2) [ 斜め方向の感度は低下するとするモデルを組み込み ] 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
11 色コントラスト感度特性の概念 (1) 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
12 色コントラスト感度特性の概念 (2) 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
13 補色対 (complementary colours) の定義 IEC complementary colour stimuli: Two colour stimuli are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by a suitable additive mixture of these two stimuli. In the CIE 1931 xy chromaticity diagram two complementary colour stimuli lay on the opposite sides of achromatic stimulus and three stimuli pass through the same straight line as in Figure 1. X Y Z = X + X = Y + Y = Z + Z (1) where achromatic stimuli is ( X 0, Y0, Z 0 ), and P= X, Y1 and Q= ( X 2, Y2, Z 2) are a pair of complementary colours. W =, ) ( 1 Z1 Figure1. Complementary colours in the CIE 1931 xy chromaticity diagram 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
14 CIELAB 色空間における補色対の定義 With additive colour mixture equation and (2), the corresponding values * * * * * * W ( L0, a0, b ) become L = 100, a = 0, b = , we marked two colors i = 1,2, A pair of complementary colours in the CIELAB Space become (3): L a b * * * ' = 116Y 16 ' ' = 500( X Y ) ' ' = 200( Y Z ) (2) Additive mixture equation 3 * * * * L + a L + a * * L + L + + = * * * * L + b L + b = 1 = 1 (3) * * The condition of being complementary colours is L1 =L2 = and with the luminance value, it is Y= 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
15 CIELAB 色空間での補色対の例 20 白色 :D65 L * = b * 多数の補色対が存在する a * 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
16 Colour contrast between two colors Colour contrast (C) between two colour vectors P and Q is defined as in expression (4). C Q P = (4) Q + P changing (4) to CIELAB colour space and used it for a pair of * * * complementary colours; one colour vector is P( L1, a1, b1 ) and its * * * complementary colour vector is Q( L, a, ): 2 2 b2 C= ( *) 2 ( * *) 2 ( * ) L L 2 + a a + b b * 1 * 2 1 L + a * b 1 * L * a * 2 2 * b * 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム (5)
17 色のコントラスト感度 官能試験方法 表示システムのキャリブレーション 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
18 20 15 Calibration of colour display system Measured results By using colour luminance meter (TOPCON BM-5) at ambient temperature 24 C, tristimulus values xyy are measured. They were converted to CIELAB as follows. a * (realized) b * (realized) L * (measured and modeled d) L * (measured and mo odeled) 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム a * (design parameter) Figure2. Complementary colours (design) in a*b* chromatic plane
19 Characteristics of colour display system For calibration of the colour display system, colour patches were measured. Measurement data range of a* is (0.2:0.5:14.7) red contrast sensitivity Realized and measur a * in designing contrast As a result of regression of the figure above, the colour display system used in this study was modelled as follows in terms of contrast sensitivity: * 2 * * (6) Cs( a ) = exp( log a loga ) 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
20 補色対の臨界コントラスト官能試験諸元 諸元条件 x= , y= 対象色 PAL の赤 ( at CIE 1931 xy) とその補色 正弦パターンの提示 Matlab/MS Windows XP により, 特定の校正済 LCDモニターで表示 正弦パターンのデータ 3x3 分子ピクセルを単位として,256 x 256 分子ピクセル (768 x 768 原子ピクセル相当 ) で表現, 非圧縮 BMPファイルとした * * 色指定方法 CIELABのa による a LCDモニター正弦パターン方向に1024ハードウェアピクセルグラフィックアダプターにより768( 原子 ) ピクセルモードで使用 パターン寸法 無彩色の色度 D65に近似 無彩色輝度レベル 97.6 (cd/m 2 ) 評定距離 L= 500 cm W = cm 評定環境 擬似暗室 ( 完全な暗室ではない ) 評定者数 37 名 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
21 原子ピクセルの限界と分子ピクセル 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
22 原子ピクセル 分子ピクセル 分子ピクセル値の横方向変化 モニター画面のキャプチャーデータ変化 B G R Horizontal position (Molecular pixel) Horizontal position (Molecular pixel) Horizontal position (Molecular pixel) Horizontal position (Molecular pixel) R G B Horizontal position (Molecular pixel) Horizontal position (Molecular pixel) Horizontal position (Molecular pixel) Horizontal position (Molecular pixel) 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
23 余弦パターンの例 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
24 Cosine wave charts used in the test Cosine wave patterns of red and its complementary colour of several different spatial frequencies and contrast are made to perform the experiment. They were in uncompressed BMP format. Each pattern was randomly presented to 37 subjects. Three options were selected at the specified viewing distance for each of the patterns. The options are: (1) Wave can be recognized ( はい ) (2) Wave cannot be recognized ( いいえ ) (3) Neither of the above. (?) Example 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
25 色のコントラスト感度特性 官能試験結果 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
26 Response of a typical subject 10 3 Subject 2 Response Spatial frequency (cycle/degree) Conversion from the wave numbers in the pattern to spatial frequency (cpd ) was formulated as (7). f = 360 π tan 1 D 2L n The result analysis: (7) Where in the (7): D=28.5 cm; L=500 cm; n=[ ]. Type 1( ): Red circle is the first contrast of the option (1) or the option (3). Type 2( ): Mean values of reciprocal contrasts are considered as critical corresponding to the options (1) and (2) 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム f
27 Colour Contrast Sensitivity Function (CCSF)-Type (1) Critical contreast estinamation type (1) Outliers (σ > 2.0) removed Mean contra rast sensitivity Mean contrast sensitivity Spatial frequency (cycle/degree) Spatial frequency (cycle/degree) 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム This type 1 method would be considered as wave can be recognized strictly.
28 Colour Contrast Sensitivity Function (CCSF)-Type (2) Critical contreast estinamation type (2) Outliers (σ > 2.0) removed Mean contra ast sensitivity Mean contrast sensitivity Spatial frequency (cycle/degree) Spatial frequency (cycle/degree) 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム This type 2 method described above is thought to be nearer to the truth.
29 Comparison between LCSF and CCSF 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
30 参考文献 Gegentana and Hiroaki IKEDA: Colour Contrast Sensitivity Function between a Pair of Complementary Colours Red and Cyan, Proceedings of the Media Computing Conference, The Institute of Image Electronics Engineers of Japan ( ) 赤に対する補色のカラーコントラスト感度特性について, 第 36 回画像電子学会年次大会 池田 : カラーコントラスト感度,FPD の人間工学シンポジウム
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