Microsoft Word - 05.FACT-09.doc

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1 Chapter 9 ( 第九課 ) I. Expressing problems and things that have taken place, using the passive form A. Direct passive The person who carries out the act is an agent of that action; the person (or thing) who is affected by that act is the patient. The same situation can be depicted from the points of view of both the agent and the patient. If it is the former, the sentence takes the active voice; if it is the latter, the sentence takes the passive voice. Active Voice Agent (S)-は/ が Patient (DO) -を Transitive Verb 大きい魚は 小さい魚を 食べた Passive Voice Patient (DO)-は/ が Agent (S) -に/ によって Transitive Verb (passive) 小さい魚は 大きい魚に / によって 食べられた Formation of passive forms 1. る -verbs: Add られる to the stem たべ + られる たべられるみ + られる みられる 2 う -Verbs: Add れる to the plain negative stem はなさない + れる はなされるおこさない + れる おこされる 3. Irregular verbs くる こられるする される のむ しる いじめる ふむ おこす うわさする 練習 日本人は朝日新聞をよく読んでいます 朝日新聞は日本人によく読まれています お母さんがこどもをしかった はっけん コロンブスがアメリカを発見した 16

2 ( だれかが ) らくがきをかべにかいた らくがきは ( だれかによって ) かべにかかれた The particle marking the agent in the passive voice can be replaced by か if the agent is a source. 私は知り合いに / から日本の大学について聞かれた Since both potential and passive forms for the る -verbs are the same, they have to be differentiated by the context. If an agent is specified as in (a) below, it is probably a potential form. If it appears in ~ ている as in (c), then the verb is most probably a passive form. What does (d) mean? (a) (b) (c) (d) 田中さんは 明日までにアンケートが集められると言った エイズの研究のために 毎年たくさんのお金が集めらる エイズの研究のために 毎年たくさんのお金が集められている 田中さんは明日までにアンケートが集められていると言った The subject of the direct passive does not have to be animate. The agent in such sentence is often marked with によって instead of に. ハリーポッターは世界中の人によって読まれている The agent of the direct passive can be omitted if it is understood from the context, or it is of no particular interest. サウンドオヴミュージックは日本でもよく知られている アップルは日本でもよく使われている B. Indirect passive (adversative passive) The subject of the indirect passive is often adversely affected or troubled by the action. If the verb is a transitive verb, the original direct object in the active sentence is still marked by を in the passive sentence. The person affected, who did not appear in the active sentence, is now added. It is important to note that this person is not directly involved in the action. Active Agent (S)-は/ が Patient (DO)-を Transitive Verb だれかが らくがきを かべにかいた Indirect Passive Person Agent (S) Patient (DO)-を Transitive Affected -に/ によって Verb(passive) 私は だれかに / によって らくがきを かべにかかれた どろぼうが ( 私の ) テレビをぬすんだ 17

3 私はどろぼうに ( 私の ) テレビをぬすまれた 女の人が足をふんだ 友達が ( 私の ) うわさ話をした おとうとが日記 ( にっき ) をよんだ 私はおとうとににっきをよまれた おとうとが私のケーキをたべてしまった スリがさいふをとった 知らない人が駅へ行くみちを聞いた Intransitive verbs can be used to form this kind of passive. In this case, the subject (agent) of the active sentence is marked by に, just as in the direct passive. Only the person affected is added as the subject of the passive sentence. Active Agent (S)-は/ が Intransitive Verb 雨が ふった Indirect Passive Person Agent (S) Inransitive Affected -に Verb(passive) 私は 雨に ふられた な赤ちゃんが泣いた となりの人がさわいだ Some English verbs such as understood and need may not find its passive counterpart in Japanese.? わかられている? いられている 18

4 Because of its negative connotation (frequent, but not all the time), the indirect passive is often followed by しまう. This negative connotation may be expressed by on in English. 私は雨にふられてしまいました I was rained on. II. Expressing complaints, using the causative-passive form A causative passive is the passive version of a causative sentence, and it expresses the meaning, X is made to do~ Patient (causee) Agent (causer) Verb (causative-passive) ジョージは バーバラに ブロッコリーを 食べさせられた Formation of Causative-passives 1. る -Verbs: Drop る from causative form and add ~ られるたべる たべさせる たべさせられるすてる すてさせる すてさせられる 2 う-Verbs: Drop る from causative form (~seru) and add ~られる Drop -u from causative form (~su) and add れるよむ よませる よませられるよむ よます よまされる 3. Irregular verbs: Drop る from causative form and add ~られるくる こさせる ( こさす ) こさせられる ( こさされる ) する させる させられる のむ いく かく つかう かたづける ならう ex. 母がきらいな物も食べさせた 母にきらいな物を食べさせられた ともだちが私にしゅくだいを手伝わせます 私はともだちにしゅくだいを手伝わせられます 先生が漢字を百回書かせた ( 書かした ) こどもの時 となりの男の子が私をよく泣かした 19

5 先生が学生にダイアローグをおぼえさせます 先生が A くんを立たせました 兄が私にラーメンを (make) (iron his shirts, clean up his room, wash his car, buy cigarettes) In causative passive sentences, the subject (causee) is always forced to do something by the causer (marked by に ). If the subject wants to do something, and he/she is allowed to do it, use the ~ てもらう / いただく. 私は先生に本を読まされた 私は先生に本を読ませていただいた The causer can be omitted if it is understood from the context. The same is true with the causee. こどものとき ( 私は )( 親に ) やさいを食べさせられた III. Expressing large and small quantities and frequencies, using a quantity expression + も This pattern is usually translated as not even one/once. A. Expressing zero quantity or frequency, using 1 + counter ~negative 山田さんは一度も親にしかられたことがない (never) 昨日のパーティーには日本人が一人も来なかった (no one) 一円もない (none) A. Emphasizing a large quantity or high frequency, using number/question word + counter + も ~ affirmative B. When も follows an affirmative ending, it implicates excessive quantity ('as much as' 'as many as'), when it follows a negative ending, it implies the opposite ('not even X- quantity') 昨日のパーティーには知り合いは一人も来なかった テストの時クラスを休む人は一人もいない 日本語のクラスを休んだことは一度もない 何度も電話をかける (many times) 何時間も勉強する (many hours) vs. 何時間も勉強しない (little time) 20

6 できすぎ A: 出来杉君 いつもAをとるんだから 毎日何時間も勉強してるんだろう? B: そんなことはないよ 何時間も勉強しないよ 一時間くらいだよ 新しい言葉 知り合い近所の人大家さん赤ちゃん 親年上 / 年下の子ほめるなかがいい / なかが悪い心配する 花子さんは ( ) 友達が病気なので ( ) しています それで ( ) のおいしゃさんに どんなことをしたらいいか聞きました ( ) の話では そのアパートの ( ) はとても親切だそうです この泣いている ( ) の ( ) はどこですか 私は 18 さいで スミスは 19 さいですから スミスが ( ) です IV. Expressing or requesting efforts to change behavior or to act a certain way, using the plain present form of the verb + ようにする A-1. Expressing behavior changes (plain affirmative/negative + ようにする / している ) When the verb is in a plain form, it implies an effort to change future behaviors; when the verb is in a progressive form, it implies an on-going effort resulted in the current change of behaviors. なるべく早くおわるようにします (make an effort to) なるべくおそく来ないようにします 毎日タイチをするようにしています (make it a rule to) コーラはのまないようにしています 早く来ます (one time only) 早く来るようにします (change for a prolonged length of time) A-2. Requesting a change of behavior (plain affirmative/negative + ようにして下さい ) 21

7 This form, ~yoo ni shitekudasai is less direct than ~te kudasai. なるべく日本人と話すようにして下さい ドリルのクラスでは英語を使わないようにしてください B. Requesting what efforts are being made to attain a specific goal, using ~ ように ~ In the ~ ように, the clause preceding ように describe the speaker's goal, and the main clause describes the efforts to be made to attain that goal. This contstution is often translated as 'main clause so as (not) to ~', or 'main clause so that ~'. 赤ちゃんを起こさないように 小さい声で話してください (Please speak quietly so as not to wake up the baby.) しかられないように 早く帰ったほうがいいよ (You should go home early so you won't be scolded.) 変なうわさをしたり人の悪口を言ったりしないように言った (I told (them) not to gossip or speak ill of others.) S1 (purpose ) ため S2 vs. S1 (result) ように S2 S1 of 'S1 (purpose ) ため S2' is normally a volitional verb, to indicate a controllable act. 1 日本語をべんきょうする ( ) 日本へ行きます 2 明日の朝早く起きられる ( ) モーニングコールをおねがいしました 3 車を買う ( ) お金をためています 4 おそくならない ( ) いそいであるいた 5 はやくかぜがなおる ( ) くすりを飲んだ 6 はやくかぜをなおす ( ) くすりを飲んだ 7 赤ちゃんが起きない ( ) 小さい声で話した 8 先生にほめられる ( ) エキストラの問題もした V. Using the plain form + のに to mean despite~; although The conjunction のに (although/despite) indicates a strong contrast between two clauses; what follows のに is something unexpected. ~ のに (although/despite) is preceded by the same form as ~ ので or ~ のです. あんなにたくさん食べるのに ぜんぜんふとっていない 22

8 あんなにあたまがいいのに すこしもいばらない こどもお父さんはハンサムだし お母さんもきれい ( なのに /* だのに ) 子供はかわいくない マイケルジョーダンは38 才 ( なのに /* だのに ) まだ MBA でがんばっている Like ので, the main clause can only express a statement or a question. command, suggestions, offers, invitations can not be used. Requests, ちょっとおもいですけど 持ってくれませんか? ちょっとおもいですのに 持ってくれませんか The ~noni clause following a counter-factual, is translated as should or should have if the main clause is omitted. 電話かければよかったのに いやならいやだと言えばよかったのに 練習 -- Use the following sentences before のに, and write your own after のに 1 ゴミ出しの日じゃありません 2 そのうわさは本当じゃありません らくがき 3 私は落書きをしていません 4 ピアノをならいたくありません 5 どろぼうにお金をぬすまれました 6 ようふくをよごされました 7 足をふみました 8 ひっこしをしました 23

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