Microsoft Word - 08.FACT-7-1.doc
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1 Chapter 7-1 ( 第 7 課 ) (pp ) I. Using verbs of giving The idea that X gives Y a gift is expressed by the following structure. Please pay close attention to the verbs and particles. Giver- は Recipient- に Gift- を Verb of giving ( あげる -type / くれる -type) Japanese has two types of verbs of giving: あげる ( さしあげる / やる ) (in kanji さし上げる ) くれる ( くださる ) (in kanji 下さる ) 3rd person Hearer Speaker's family in-group Speaker Figure 1 In Figure 1, if the gift moves upward ( ), then one of the verbs from あげる group is used. On the other hand, if the gift moves downward ( ), then one of the verbs from くれる group is used. Between two third parties, the default verb is あげる. However, if the speaker feels closer to the recipient as below, くれる may be used. 母が弟におかしをくれた 先生が田中さんに本を下さった The difference between these verbs is the degree of politeness as indicated below: less polite More polite やる あげる さしあげる くれる くださる 26
2 Therefore, if the recipient is older, or superior in social status, and deference is due, then more polite variant is used. For instance, when the giver is the hearer's mother and the recipient is the hearer, くれる is not appropriate as in A. In contrast, if the speaker is talking about his/her own mother, no such deference is due. Thus, くださる is inappropriate as in B. A: そのネックレスはお母さんが (? くれた / くださった ) んですか? B: ええ 母が ( くれた /? くださった ) んです Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb of giving. (1) 私は母に花を (2) 母は私に CD を (3) 先生は妹に本を (4) 先生に何を (5) あなたはクリスマスに弟さんに何を (6) だれがそのかわいいねこを (7) 花に水を 下さいませんか More examples: (1) A: どうもありがとうございました B: あ それから どうぞ (I will give it to you ) (2) A: いぬに水を ましょうか B: おねがいします (3) A: お母さん あのおかし食べてもいい? B: それはさっきおねえちゃんにからないのよ (4) A: クリスマスはどうでしたか B: 父が車をんです とてもうれしかったです (5) A: それ どうしたの? 買ったの? B: ううん 先生がみんなによ Caution: If you are doing a favor to someone, it is best not to use verbs of giving. It may sound offensive, authoritative, and not too modest since you are verbally declaring what you are doing is a FAVOR. Note example 1 directly above, and pp. 349 ( 何本さし上げましょうか ). 27
3 e.g., おみやげをさしあげます (I will give you a souvenir [as a favor to you].) おみやげですが どうぞ (Here's a souvenir. Please [accept it for me].) II. Using verbs of receiving The idea that X receives a gift from Y is expressed by the following structure. Please pay close attention to the verbs and particles. Recipient- は Giver- に / から Gift- を Verb of receiving ( もらう / いただく ) 私は父に車をもらいました しゅくだい先生に宿題をいただきました Study how giving verbs can be rewritten using receiving verbs. バレンタインにボーイフレンドがチョコレートをくれました バレンタインに私はボーイフレンドにチョコレートをもらいました わたしたち先生は私達に日本のおかしを下さいました 私達は先生に日本のおかしをいただきました 兄は私に DVD をくれました 先生が妹にこの本を下さいました Notes: (1) The speaker cannot be the giver.? 田中さんは私にペンをもらった (2) If the giver is the institution, から instead of に is used. Thus, アリスさんは大学 ( から /? に ) 手紙をもらった (3) いただく is a humble counterpart of もらう. Thus, when the deference is due to the giver, いただく should be used. 私は先生におみやげをいただきました (4) When talking to someone outside the family, do not use いただきます, even if the giver is your parent. 私は父におみやげをいただきました [unacceptable] 私は父におみやげをもらいました 28
4 (5) いただきます means I humbly receive. II. Expressing desire, using ほしい and V て + ほしい A. Expressing desire for something Just like ~ たい, ほしい takes the first person subject in a statement, or the second person subject in a question as below. Because of this, X is often omitted. Note the particle is が, not を. (X は ) Y がほしい (X = Speaker in statement; Hearer in question.) あか (1) 赤いバラの花がほしい (2) 何がほしい? (3) テニスコートのある家がほしい Compare: (4) コーラがほしい (5) コーラをのみたい or コーラがのみたい 29
5 When expressing someone else's desire, ~ ほしがっている is used as below. Note the particle is を not が. X は Y をほしがっている (X = someone else) (6) 父は新しい DVD をほしがっている (7) 弟はプレーステーションをほしがっている ~ ほしい can be used to express someone else's desire if it is embedded in ~ といっています, そうです, んです. Note that with these three forms, the particle が instead of を is used. (8) 兄はプレイオフのチケットがほしいといっています (9) 山田先生は大きい日本語のじてんがほしいそうです (10) 赤ちゃんはミルクがほしいんですよ B. Expressing desire for someone to do something The desired action is expressed by a V て and followed by ほしい as below. Note that the person one wants to carry out the desired action is marked with the particle に. X は Y に V てほしい (11) タオルをとってほしいんですけど へやでんき (12) 部屋を出る時は電気をけしてほしいんですけど (10) 先生は私たちに毎日テープを聞いてほしんですよ けっこん (11) むすめにはあんな人とは結婚してほしくない むすめにはあんな人と結婚しないでほしいですけど 30
6 Unlike English, expressing desire is not a common way of making a direct, face-to-face request in Japanese, especially to a superior. (to a superior)? これを見てほしいんですけど (I want you to look at this.) これを見ていただきたいんですけど (I would like to receive your favor of ) (We will talk more about V て + Verb of giving/receiving in Chapter 8.) A: それをあなたに見てほしいんですが 今はちょっと見せられません B: どうして? A: I want you to look at this. (= Please look at this.) B: OK. A: これを見て下さいませんか (This can be a request to a superior.) B: いいですよ (to a non-person, nature) A: あした 雨になってほしいわ (I want it to rain tomorrow.) B: どうして? Which one is similar in meaning? かりたい // かしてほしい // かりてほしい III. Expressing the fact that something is easy or hard to do A. Verb stem + やすい / にくい The stem is obtained as below: いきます いきたべます たべします 来ます (1) なっとうはたべにくいです (2) テックははいりにくいです (3) マックはつかいやすいです (4) この本は読みやすいです (5) スニーカーははきやすいですが ハイヒールは (6) 漢字は ですが ひらがなは (7) (8) 31
Microsoft Word - j201drills27.doc
Drill 1: Giving and Receiving (Part 1) [Due date: ] Directions: Describe each picture using the verb of giving and the verb of receiving. E.g.) (1) (2) (3) (4) 1 (5) (6) Drill 2: Giving and Receiving (Part
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Drill 1: Giving and Receiving (Part 1) Directions: Describe each picture using the verb of giving and the verb of receiving. (1) (2) (3) (4) 1 (5) (6) Drill 2: Giving and Receiving (Part 1) Directions:
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