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1 Gengo Kenkyu 148: * *

2 144 3 I a. b. II a. b. I II ( ) -( ) 2 1 cause causative verb V-( ) ( ) -( )

3 Shibatani :

4

5

6

7 Hopper and Thompson a // // // 10 // 6 Vendler 1967 accomplishment action achievement state , // 10 V- V 1994: 440

8 150 // // // // b b-1 // b-2 // c 11?? V-? : 57 58

9 151 // // // // // // // // d // // //

10 152 a V-( ) b b b-2

11 c d : 125

12 X Y V Z X Y Z V-( ) 5.1 X Y Z X Y Z V-( )

13

14 X Y Z V-( ) Z

15 Y V1- V2-( ) V- V : 386

16 V- V- V V- V?? V- 2013b

17 Y Z V-( ) X V-( ) V-( )

18 V-( )

19

20

21

22 164 V-( ) V-( ) V a

23 V- V- V V-( ) V : : 173

24 V- V-? V- V- V-? 7.3. a b a b 19 V-???? V-( )

25 167 a 70= b

26 V-( )

27 : * * V-

28 a b 85 -a -b 86 -a -b

29 V-( ) :

30 a 1922b : a: V1-( ) V1 7.1

31 173 V1-( ) V : : : : a 36: b V Hopper, Paul J. and Sandra A. Thompson (1980) Transitivity in grammar and discourse, Language 56: : : : : Shibatani, Masayoshi (1973) Semantics of Japanese causativization. Foundations of Language 9: Vendler, Zeno (1967) Linguistics in philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press

32 a 1922b Abstract The Meaning of Japanese Causative Sentences: tsukaidate (exploitation) and michibiki (guidance) Emiko Hayatsu Tokyo University of Foreign Studies The meaning of causative sentences has been analyzed from various perspectives, a wellknown analysis being the differentiation between coercion and permission. This paper takes a different viewpoint and proposes the concepts of tsukaidate (exploitation) and michibiki (guidance). This interpretation does not reject the coercion and permission interpretation but rather shows the following: a recognition of the relationship with the lexical meaning of the original verb (in particular, the categorical meaning), grammatical features characterizing the respective causative sentences, and grammatical phenomena that can be explained by this interpretation. Examples will be used to illustrate these features and to elucidate the potential significance and implications of this interpretation. Finally, on the relationship between coercion & permission and tsukaidate & michibiki, it is proposed that the former interpretation focuses on the preceding phase/causal phase and the latter on the succeeding phase/resulting phase of the respective causative events.

( ) ( ) (action chain) (Langacker 1991) ( 1993: 46) (x y ) x y LCS (2) [x ACT-ON y] CAUSE [BECOME [y BE BROKEN]] (1999: 215) (1) (1) (3) a. * b. * (4)

( ) ( ) (action chain) (Langacker 1991) ( 1993: 46) (x y ) x y LCS (2) [x ACT-ON y] CAUSE [BECOME [y BE BROKEN]] (1999: 215) (1) (1) (3) a. * b. * (4) 1 1 (lexical conceptual structure, LCS) 2 LCS 3 4 LCS 5 6 2 LCS (1999) LCS 2 (1) [x ACT(-ON y)] CAUSE [BECOME [z BE-AT w]] 1 (1993) ( ) V1 V2 2 (1) y z y z (5.3 ) ( ) ( ) (action chain) (Langacker 1991)

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