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6 A X B B A B X A 19 6

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8 IT 8

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11 HP 11

12 OECD OECD 12

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16 HP CIOChief Information Officer CIO CIO 16

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24 IT

25 Levin [1987] 5 Levin [1987] Appropriating the Returns from Industrial R&D

26 7 7 8 USB USB PC 26

27 Boldrin and Levine [2002] Boldrin and Levine [2002] The Case Against Intellectual Property 10 Merges and Nelson [1990] On the Complex Economics of Patent Scope Columbia Law Review 839 vol

28 Burk and Lemley [2003] Policy Levers in Patent Law [2007] Vol.14, IT IntelAppleOracleGoogleyahooHP DECPrimeWangStatusLotus Saxenian [1994] Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route128 28

29 MIT Federal Knowledge Spillover research fund California business and Professions Code section Tacit Knowledge Gilson [1999] The legal infrastructure of high technology industrial districts: Silicon Valley, Route 128, and covenants not to compete 12 i ii 12 29

30 A 13 [2007] Rockwell Graphic Systems,Inc.v.DEV Industries.Inc., 925 F.2d 174 (7th Cir.1991) 14 E.I.duPont denumours & Co. v. Rolfe Christopher et al.,431 F.2d 1012(5th Cir.1970)

31 Rockwell 925 F.2d 174 (7th Cir.1991) Rockwell Posner 31

32 17 18 A B B A 17 [2007] 18 [2007] RIETI Discussion Paper 3 32

33 33

34 U.S.C

35 ,

36 1920 X Y X Y [2006] 36

37 [2006] [2005] Merges [1999] The Law And Economics of Employee Inventions Harvard Journal of Law & Technology Burk [2004] Intellectual Property and the Firm 71 U. CHI. L. Rev.3 37

38 CNC 21 CNC CNC Computerized Numerical Control 38

39 [2002] [2002] OECD 39

40 Edwards [1997] Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know? NBER Working Paper Low-Skilled Immigrants Saxenian Highly Skilled Labor Saxenian [1999] Silicon Valley s Skilled Immigrants: Generating Jobs and Wealth for California 40

41 The Deemed Export Advisory Committee [2007] The Deemed Export Rule in the Era of Globalization [2007] OECD [2002] 7.6%(1980) 41.9%(1998) OECD [2002] International Mobility of the Highly Skilled % 4.5% % H1-B Saxenian [1999] % 51% 23% /

42 H1-B 2000 H1-B Bio-regio 2000 IT Wolfson Research Merit Award 42

43 IT [2003] 2003 OECD [2002] The International Mobility of the Highly skilled [2007] 18 [2005] No.115 < Park [2007] Policy and approach for enhancing the international mobility of researchers : the Korea cases [2001]

44 A JETRO 44

45 WTO 32 Deemed Export Rule The Deemed Export Advisory Committee [2007] The Deemed Export Rule in the Era of Globalization 45

46 [2007] 34 46

47 NEDO NEDO Bayh-Dole Act U.S.C Bayh-Dole Act Preference for United States industry

48 37 35 U.S.C CFR OB OB 48

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51 51

52 52

53 IT 53

54 54 18

55 Classified National Security Information CNSI (Classified National Security Information) 55

56 Classified National Security Information Executive Order National Security Information Classifying Safeguarding Declassifying TOP SECRET Top Secret, Secret, Confidential

57 SECRET CONFIDENTIAL (NARA) The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration NARA Information Security Oversight OfficeISOO Classified National Security Information Executive Order

58 (MCTL) 43 (DSTL) MCTL DSTL DOD MCTL DSTL 43 MCTL (Militarily Critical Technologies List) 44 DSTL (Developing Science and Technologies List) 45 58

59 MCTLMilitarily Critical Technologies List MCTL DSTLDevelopment Science & Technologies List MCTLDSTL 20 MCTL NSABBNational Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity NSABB Proposed Framework for the Oversight of Dual Use Life Sciences Research 59

60 NSABB [2007] Proposed Framework for the Oversight of Dual Use Life Sciences Research: Strategies for Minimizing the Potential Misuse of Research Information WG [2000]

61 18 U.S.C. 793 Gathering, transmitting or losing defense information 18 U.S.C. 794 Gathering or delivering defense information to aid foreign government 18 U.S.C. 795 Photographing and sketching defense installations 18 U.S.C. 797 Publication and sale of photographs of defense installations Classified Information 18 U.S.C. 798 Disclosure of classified information 18 U.S.C. 641 Public money, Property or records 10 Article106a $1, U.S.C. 952 Diplomatic codes and correspondence 10 Classified Information 18 U.S.C Fraud and related activity in connection with computers Classified Information 18 U.S.C Unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or material Classified $1,000 Information 61

62 62 42 U.S.C Communication of Restricted Data 50 U.S.C. 421 Protection of identities of certain United States undercover intelligence officers, agents, informants, and sources Classified Information 50 U.S.C. 783 Offenses 35 U.S.C. 181 Secrecy of certain inventions and withholding of patent 35 U.S.C. 186 Penalty $100, $50, $10,000 Classified Information $10,000

63 MDA OECD

64 49 USPTO USPTO BIS (Bureau of Industry 64

65 Deemed Export EARExport Administration Regulations EAR 8 U.S.C 1324ba EAR EAR end-use end-user and Security) Update 2007 Conference on Export Controls and Policy (BIS) FBI The Economic Espionage Act of

66 OECD 51 Technology Collection Trends NISPOM DSS DSS 66

67 (Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage) b ONCIX FBI Global Crossing IBM PC IT MCTL 67

68 68 10 Need to Know

69 DNA

71 53 54 VISA American Express 53 [2006] [2006] Vol.192 No

72 % 19.3% 60.5% 16.5% 82.3% (289) 63.5% (223) 71.5% (251) 6.8% (24) 1.7% (6) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 72

73 8.7% (11) 8.7% (11) 34.1% (43) 30.2% (38) 28.6% (36) 63.5% (80) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 27.6% 5.7% 31.7% 35.0% 49.1% 50.9% 17.2% (30) 10.9% (19) 9.2% (16) 60.9% (106) 50.6% (88) 74.7% (130) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 7.9% 9.0% 1.6% 8.7% 19.7% 37.7% 27.0% 44.9% 18.9% 24.6%

74 CIOChief Information Officer 55 CIO 56 OSAC

75 Overseas Security Advisory Council OSACOverseas Security Advisory Council OSAC OSAC OSAC 30 MAmerican Airlines,Inc. Boeing CompanyCIGNA Citigroup,IncFederal Mogul Corporation U.S. Agency for International development U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of State U.S. Department of the Treasury ISMAInternational Security Management Association ASISAmerican Society for Industrial Security IACPInternational Association of Chiefs of Police SISBOSecurity Information Service for Business Overseas OSAC 1985 OSAC OSAC 75

76 OSAC 76

77 IT

79 OSAC APEC APEC APEC 62 79

81 QC

84 CIO 84

85 Counter Intelligence Training 85

86 86

87 [2006] 87

88 [2006] [2001] 71 [2003] Moore [2003]OPEN INNOVATION

89 89 72 [1994] [1999] [2001] 2007] 72 [1994] [1994] , ,281 11, , ,281 11,199

90 (78%) (78%) (65%) (65%) (46%) (46%) (79%) (79%) (96%) (96%)

93 [1993] 1993 No

94 911 National Policy on the Transfer of Scientific, Technical and Engineering Information, National Security Decision Directive-189 NSDD-189 Stanford Lawrence M. Wein PNAS: Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences HHS Lawrence M. Wein PNAS July12,2005 vol.102(no.28) PNAS H1-B Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 NSABBNational Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity Wein and Liu [2004] Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk PNAS July 12,2005 vol.12 no.28 PNAS American Association of University Professors [2003] Academic Freedom and National Security in a Time of Crisis Academe vol.89, no.6 American Association of University 94

95 Professors American Association for the Advancement of Science Scientific Freedom & National Security < National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity < 79 Fabrication Falsification Plagiarism FFP [1980] [2001] [2001] 95

96 EU FP EU 82 FFP EU EU a model of responsible science funding FP7 Ethics Review Panel FP7 EUROPEAN COMMISSION [2007] ETHICS FOR RESEARCHERS PHSPublic Health Services ORIOffice of Research Integrity 82 EUROPEAN COMMISSION [2007] ETHICS FOR RESEARCHERS 96

97 ORI ORI Introduction to the Responsible Conduct of Research ON BEING A SCIENTIST [2006] Nicholas H. Steneck [2007] ORI Introduction to the Responsible Conduct of Research NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [1995] ON BEING A SCIENTIST

98 Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S.173(1991)/ National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, 524 U.S 569(1998) 88 98

99 100 Malcolm Dando [2006] Bioterrorism and Biowarfare Oneworld Publications 2001 DNA FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS, Case Studies in Dual Use < FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS, Case Studies in Dual Use < Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats [2006] Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 99

100 89 90 EU FP NIH(National Institute of Health) ORI(Office of Research Integrity, Public Health Services) 92 RCR(Responsible Conduct of Research) 100

101 NSABB (National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity) NSABB

102 102

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105 PHP [2006] PHP WG 105

106 Winny Winny Winny Classified National Security Information CNSI (Classified National Security Information) Top Secret, Secret, Confidential

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108 NISPOM DOD NISPNational Industrial Security Program NISPOM Chapter 1. Section1. Section2. Section3. Chapter 2. Section1. Section2. Section3. Chapter 3. Section1. Chapter 4. Section1. Section2. Chapter 5. Section1. Section2. Section3. Section4. Section5. Section6. Section7. Section8. Section

109 Chapter 6. Section1. Section2. Chapter 7. Section1. Chapter 8. Section1. Section2. Section3. Section4. Section5. Section6. Section7. Chapter 9. Section1. Section2. Section3. Section4. Chapter10. Section1. Section2. Section3. Section4. Section5. Section6. Section7. NATO Chapter11. Section1. Section2. DTIC Section3. 109

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IP Management Within Universities: Experiences in the US

IP Management Within Universities: Experiences in the US yuko.harayama@most.tohoku.ac.jp 17/3/2004 1 Ref. Sandelin TLO expertise Ref. AUTM 17/3/2004 2 Ref. Heller & Eisenberg, 1998 The scientific commons is becoming privatized! (Ref. Nelson, 2003) 17/3/2004