プレゼンテーションの技法 日本語報告から英語報告まで
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- かげたつ いさやま
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1 プレゼンテーションの技法日本語報告から英語報告まで 佐藤嘉倫東北大学大学院文学研究科 第 53 回数理社会学会大会第 4 回ワンステップアップ セミナー 2012 年 3 日 13 日鹿児島大学 セミナーの構成 質疑応答 休憩 質疑応答 1 2 精神論 : 聞き手の立場に立って準備する つかみ が大切 時間は一直線に流れる あれこれ詰め込まない 突っ込みどころを入れる 分かりやすい質疑応答 聞き手の立場に立って準備する 自分が聞き手だったら この発表は分かるか? 聞き手は自分ほどこのテーマに詳しくない 聞き手は自分ほどこのテーマに関心を持っていない 適度なスピード 早すぎると聞き手はついてこられない 遅すぎると退屈になる 実際は難しい アイコンタクトの大切さ 聞き手の反応を確かめる 自分を認めてくれている 感覚 3 4 つかみ が大切 謎 (research question) から始める 謎の背景説明 なぜその謎を解くことが重要なのか? 文献レビュー その謎がまだ解かれていないことを示す ( データと ) 方法 データと方法が謎を解くことに適していることを示す 分析 結論 謎が解けたことを明確に示す 議論 謎が解けたことの含意を示す 5 時間は一直線に流れる 参考 理科系の作文技術 元に戻らない ( どうしても戻りたいときの手法は後で ) 枝葉から始めない 枝葉に入ったときは必ず幹に戻る 6 1
2 あれこれ詰め込まない 1 つの報告で 1 つのメッセージ 思い出そう 聞き手は自分ほどこのテーマに詳しくない 聞き手は自分ほどこのテーマに関心を持っていない 細かいところは質疑応答に回す 突っ込みどころができる 突っ込みどころを入れる 質問やコメントをもらわなかったら意味がない 謎 の面白さを共有してもらう 自分だけ面白がっても すべるだけ 謎 の背景説明の重要性 あえて細かいところを省略して 突っ込んでもらう 短い報告時間では説明できないことを少し丁寧に説明できる 7 8 分かりやすい質疑応答 結論から答える イエスかノーか? What, how, why の質問に対しても まずは結論を簡潔に述べる 次に 結論の根拠を述べる 時間があれば サポートする具体例を出す 9 あれこれ詰め込まない busy なスライド ( 可能ならば ) 図表 イラストを使う 理科系は文字を読まない 聞き手が 自分はどこにいるのか を確認できる工夫 前に戻らない 元に戻らない という精神を体現する アニメーションの功罪 配付資料の功罪 10 あれこれ詰め込まない 図表 イラストを使う あれこれ詰め込まない 1 枚のスライドにいろいろ詰め込むと 読みにくいスライドになる 要点を明確にする 1 枚のスライドには 1 つの要点だけを書くようにする あれこれ詰め込まない 読みやすいスライド 要点を明確に 1 要点 /1 スライド 釈迦に説法なので省略 数理 計量はこの点有利 英語で困ったときに助かる Like this. As shown on the table,. 日本語の発表だと結構できるが 英語だとやってしまう 言いたいことを全部書くことで不安を克服しようとする 経験を積んで乗り越える キーワードから言いたいことを思い出す練習
3 聞き手が 自分はどこにいるのか を確認できる工夫 プレゼンの初めに全体の構成を見せる ただし途中で忘れられる危険あり 途中経過を見せる 小林方式 ヨーロッパでよく見かける方式 質疑応答 質疑応答 元に戻らない スライドを前後されると どこにいるのか分かりにくい 前に戻る必要があるならば 同じスライドを入れておく アニメーションの功罪 謎 (research question) から始める 謎の背景説明 なぜその謎を解くことが重要なのか? 文献レビュー その謎がまだ解かれていないことを示す ( データと ) 方法 データと方法が謎を解くことに適していることを示す 結論 謎が解けたことを明確に示す 議論 謎が解けたことの含意を示す 長所 : 聞き手の注意を喚起できる 謎 (research question) から始める 謎の背景説明 なぜその謎を解くことが重要なのか? 文献レビュー その謎がまだ解かれていないことを示す ( データと ) 方法 データと方法が謎を解くことに適していることを示す 結論 謎が解けたことを明確に示す 議論 謎が解けたことの含意を示す 短所 : 最初の部分に比べて 最後の部分は画面上提示時間が短い 対策 : 最後の部分を見せた後に 少し時間をおいてから次のスライドへ 配布資料の功罪 長所 聞き手の理解が深まる 短所 聞き手が話し手やスクリーンを見なくなる 対策 アニメーションを使う 配布資料をプレゼンの最後に配る 冒頭で 最後に配ります というアナウンスをする 請求されたら資料を送る 質疑応答 基本は今までの話と同じ 自信を持った態度で臨む できるだけ暗記しない 発音に注意する 質疑応答のやり方 英語報告の小技
4 自信を持った態度で臨む 自信がないと思われる態度 アイコンタクトしない 上ずった声 あまりに早口 いきなり謝罪から始まる I am sorry, but I haven t prepared very well. 対策 聞き手をゆっくりと見ながら やや低めの声で話す 謝罪はいらない 可能ならばジョークから ( 上級 ) 文脈依存的ではないジョーク 19 できるだけ暗記しない 初めのうちは暗記することは仕方がない 読み上げるだけでは相手の心に届かない ポイントになるところはゆっくり大きな声で 慣れてきたら スライドのキーワードを頼りに話を組み立てる 20 発音に注意する 質疑応答のやり方 ( その 1) 多少の文法的な誤りは大丈夫 注意すべき発音 自分の報告で重要な概念 言葉 正確な発音をマスターする 類音語に注意 ( 高校英語入試問題を思い出そう ) A city called Winter ア シティ コゥルド ウィンター A city cold winter 自信がないとき ゆっくり明瞭に発音する 21 日本人にとって最大の難関 質問が分からない 繰り返してもらう Excuse me, could you repeat that? と言ってはいけない Excuse me, could you speak more slowly? 自分で言い換える Is your question what data I used? Do you mean? 22 質疑応答のやり方 ( その 2) 質問が分かっても答えをうまく言えない 難しく言おうとせず シンプルに答える 結論 (Yes or No)- 根拠 (Because) - 具体例 (For example) 相手が分からないようだったら 言い換える 言い換えのフレーズをいくつか覚えておく To put it differently,. What I mean. 逃げる This is a good question but difficult to answer now. Let me think about it later. This is a good point. I take it as an important research topic in the future. I need time to answer the question, so why don t we discuss later? 23 質疑応答のやり方 ( その 3) 日本語を入れない えー うー Well This result shows our model is なんだろ statistically significant. What is nandaro? Let me see などと言って時間をかせぐ 24 4
5 英語報告の小技 論点間 スライド間の移動をスムーズにする表現 順接 :so, thus, then, therefore 逆接 :but, however, meanwhile 話が泥沼にはまった時 :anyway, let s get back to the main line ともあれ話を進める時 :let s go (move) forward 注意 : 悪い点は真似しないでください Space, Inequality, and Social Capital: The Case of Tokyo Yoshimichi Sato Center for the Study of Social Stratification and Inequality Tohoku University 27 Organization of the Presentation Puzzle: Paradoxical relationship between poverty and crime in Tokyo Possible answer: Social capital Theoretical argument: Why does social capital count? Data and methods Findings: Slight decline in the effect of social capital Conclusions 28 Poverty and Crime A Puzzle: Poverty and Crime? Detroit, MI, U.S.A 29 Socioeconomic Status Number of Reported Crimes 30 Kurasawa, Susumu (ed.), 1986, Social Atlas of Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press. 5
6 Possible Answer: Social Capital Why Does Social Capital Count? Bonding social capital of the self-employed in the eastern area in Tokyo Psychological commitment to the community Mutual surveillance system Infinitely repeated game Socioeconomic Status Number of Reported Crimes Ratio of Male Self-Employed Ratio of Remaining Population Kurasawa, Susumu (ed.), 1986, Social Atlas of Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press Bowling Alone? Data and Methods Decline in Social Capital in Tokyo? Kurasawa s social maps are based on data collected in circa Tokyo has experienced radical social changes over the three decades. From a metropolis to a global city Such changes may have damaged bonding social capital in the eastern area in Tokyo. Increase in the crime rate in the area? Unit of analysis: Wards (ku) in Tokyo Tokyo Statistical Yearbooks 1975 and 2005 Variables: Number of crimes per 10,000 population (crime rate) Number of individuals on welfare per 10,000 population (welfare rate) Percentage of firms with 1-9 workers (small-firm rate) Drawing social maps Categorize 23 wards into six ranks Regression analysis Descriptive Statistics Social Maps in 1975 and Change Rate Crime Rate % Welfare Rate % Small-firm Rate % Increase in the crime rate Increase in the welfare rate Decrease in the small-firm rate Welfare Rate Crime Rate Small-firm Rate 6
7 Findings Low geographical correlation between poverty and crime in 1975 Negative correlation between crime and small-firm rate in 1975 Geographical shift of crime from central to eastern wards over the three decades 1975 Correlation Coefficient Matrix Crime Rate Welfare Rate Small-firm Rate Crime Rate Welfare Rate Small-firm Rate Note: Numbers in bold are for 1975, while those in italic are for Chiyoda-ku is omitted from the calculation Welfare Rate Crime Rate Small-firm Rate Regression Analysis Non-standardized Coefficient Standardized Coefficient Non-standardized Coefficient Standardized Coefficient Welfare Rate Small-firm Rate Constant Adjusted R Possibility of Spatial Correlation Note: Chiyoda-ku is omitted from the calculation. Slight decrease in the coefficient Weakening bonding social capital Decrease in the ratio Weakening bonding social capital Welfare Rate Crime Rate Small-firm Rate Spatial Correlation and Regression Spatial Correlation Moran s I n w ( y y)( y y) ij i j i j i I 2 ( wij ) ( yi y) i j i i Regression with Spatially Lagged Dependent Variable x β w i yi y i W=[w ij ]: Row Standardized Connectivity Matrix i 41 Results Moran's I Crime Rate * Welfare Rate ** Small-firm Rate ** ** Spatial Regression Welfare Rate ** ** Small-firm Rate ** ** Constant ** ** ρ Slight decrease in the coefficient Weakening bonding social capital 42 7
8 Conclusions Positive effect of bonding social capital on the prevention of crime in Tokyo Decline in the effect over the three decades Another puzzle: Why has the effect declined even though the geographical distribution of the small-firm rate has not substantially changed? Change in the meaning of self-employed Increasing fluidity in the labor market in Japan Back to Detroit 43 Are these areas rich in social capital? 44 質疑応答 45 8
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