L Aeq,24h db NITTS NIPTS 2 1 NITTS NIPTS WECPNL WECPNL db db 70% 30%

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1 9 9.1 NIPTS noise induced permanent threshold shift NITTS noise induced temporary threshold shift Tsan Ju Chen et al dip 2 khz 25 db 65.2% 55.0% 41.7% 32.4% 0.0%5 Tsan Ju Chen et al A km B 151 A B 0.5, 1, 2 khz 4, 6, 8 khz 4 khz Tsan Ju Chen et al , 1, 2 khz 4, 6, 8 khz 4 khz Ising db 2 3 khz 4 khz Trong Neng Wu et al km 49 4 khz L Aeq,24h 1999

2 L Aeq,24h db NITTS NIPTS 2 1 NITTS NIPTS WECPNL WECPNL db db 70% 30% WECPNL WECPNL db 5dB db 10 db db/s db 2 70%

3 NITTS 24 NITTS NITTS NITTS 30 NITTS NITTS (1987) NITTS 4 khz NITTS 2 8 khz 24 NITTS khz c 5 -dip 20 db NITTS NITTS NITTS db 87 db NITTS 5dB NIPTS Robinson (1971) NIPTS 1972 NIPTS db 1 83 db Robinson NIPTS khz 8dB db dB20 5dB db db 89 db 1 khz 10 db 2 khz 15 db

4 (db) Time (hour) NITTS at 4kHz (db) Time (hour) 9 1 NITTS 1968/2/13 (db) Time (hour) NITTS at 4kHz (db) Time (hour) 9 2 NITTS 1972/11/10 NITTS (db) : : (khz) NIPTS (db) : 50% : 90% : 98% (khz) 9 3 NITTS 9 4 Robinson NIPTS

5 9 9 5 N 9 1 (WECPNL) (A) (B) (C) (A+C) (B) km khz 20 db 9.3 THI Hiramatsu et al.; 1997 NITTS NIPTS WECPNL (A) WECPNL90 95 (B) 475 WECPNL85 90 (C) WECPNL (A+C) 587 WECPNL90 95 (B) a 9 17 b, AA-67N, AA khz 7 5dB SILENT CABIN 30 db (A)

6 WECPNL (A) (B) (C) WECPNL (A+C) (B) % (B) % (C) % (A+C) % (B) % ISO (E) 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% (A) % 21 (B) % 11 (C) % (A+C) % 3 (B) % % db a AA- 61BN 0.125, 0.25,0,5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 khz 9 1dB

7 9 9 7 b SISI Short Increment Sensitivity Index 1 khz 4 khz SISI 20 db Jerger 60% 20 55%15% c RS 20 d dip dip ESSILOR Audioscan 1 khz 8 khz 20 s/octave sweep 5dB, dip Meyer-Bisch; 1996, Laroche et al.; A SISI dip dip ISO (E): Data base A (screened population) c 5 -dip 4 c 5 -dip c 5 -dip WECPNL90 (A) c 5 -dip ISO dip

8 No. WE 1) 4) ) No. Tympano SISI-1k SISI-4k R-4 khz L-4 khz ( / ) ( / ) 1 A 3) / / 44 db 34 db 2 A / / 53 db 55 db 3 A / / 48 db 53 db 4 A / / 29 db 51 db 5 A / / 57 db 58 db 6 A / / 75 db 75 db 7 A / / 55 db 55 db 8 A / / 68 db 95 db 9 A / / 65 db 63 db 10 A / / 67 db 64 db 11 A / / 46 db 52 db 12 A / / 55 db 47 db 1) 2) () ) () 4) 9 5 WECPNL WECPNL (a) WECPNL 9 5 WECPNL 90 WECPNL WECPNL 1 1 WECPNL Mantel p =0.0402

9 9 9 9 WECPNL m p < N 58 2 WECPNL WECPNL95 p = (b) THI WECPNL WECPNL WECPNL % **; p<0.01 p % WECPNL95 2 WECPNL WECPNL85 WECPNL95 WECPNL90

10 Odds ratio Category: 1 p = Ctrl WECPNL ** 9 7 WECPNL (c) 124 db 127 db L eq,24h db db EPA L eq,24h = 70 (db) db (d) NITTS NIPTS 4 khz NITTS 20 db NIPTS 50 NIPTS 10 db db db WECPNL NIPTS (e) c 5 -dip SISI ISO c 5 -dip c 5 -dip 1993 c 5 -dip (f) (g) (U.S. Department of Health; 1964) (a) db 8 85 db db

11 (EPA) db db (b) 12 c 5 -dip (c) (d) ; 1988 Tsan- Ju Chen et al. (1997) (e) WECPNL95 WECPNL 105 L Aeq,24h 85 TTS 4kHz NITTS db ,035 5dB % / 1dB

12 SISI A 2 SISI 3 dip dip WECPNL95: 6, WECPNL90: 2, WECPNL85: ChenTJ, ChenSS, Hsieh PY & Chiang HC (1997), Auditory effects of aircraft noise on people living near an airport, Arch Environ Health 52: Hiramatsu K, Yamamoto T, Taira K, Ito A & Nakasone T (1997), A survey onhealth effects due to aircraft noise on residents living around Kadena airbase in the Ryukyus, J Sound Vib 205: Ising H, Rebentisch E, (1993), Results of a low-altitude flight noise study in Germany, Aural effects. Schriftenreiche des Vereins fuer Wasser-, Boden-, und Lufthygiene 88: (1987) TTS 43: Laroche C & Hetu R (1997) A study of the reliability of automatic audiometry by the frequency scanning method (AUDIOSCAN), Audiology 36(1), Meyer-Bisch C (1996) Audioscan: a high-definition audiometry technique based on constant-level frequency sweeps a new method with new hearing indicators, Audiology 35(2), (1996),,. Robinson DW (1971) Estimating the risk of hearing loss due to exposure to continuous noise, in Occupational hearing loss, Academic Press, London. (1993),. (1988), (1999), 1. 3: U.S. Department of Health (1964), Education and Welfare, Smoking and Health, Report of the advisory committee to the surgeongeneral of the public health servoce [cited in 1978, ]. (1984),,. Wu TN, Lai JS, ShenCY, Yu TS & Chang PY (1995), Aircraft noise, hearing ability and annoyance. Arch Environ Health 50: ChenTJ, Chiang HC & ChenSS (1992), Effects of aircraft noise on hearing and auditory pathway function of airport employees, J Occup Med 34(6): ChenTJ & ChenSS (1993), Effects of aircraft noise on hearing and auditory pathway function of school-age children, Int Arch Occup Environ Health 65:

13 () (1) WECPNL90, (db) No. * 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k *,

14 () (1) WECPNL90, (db) No. * 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k *,

15 () (1) WECPNL90, (db) No. * 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k *, 9 2 () (2) (db) No. * 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k *,

16 () (2) (db) No. * 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k *,

17 () (2) (db) No. * 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k *, 9 3 () (3) WECPNL (db) No. * 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k *,

18 () (3) WECPNL (db) No. * 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k *,

19 () (4) WECPNL85, (db) No. * 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k *,

20 () (5) WECPNL (db) No. * 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k 0.5k 1k 2k 3k 4k 6k 8k *,

21 I.I. 57 WECPNL Tympanogram A Air-Bone gap db dip 4 khz 1 khz; 4 khz; Audioscan audiometry: dip (3,748 Hz; 40 db, 4,087 Hz; 40 db) dip (4,000 Hz; 30 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c) 9 1 1

22 O.S. 47 WECPNL Tympanogram A Air-Bone gap db dip 4 khz (1 khz; 4 khz; ) Audioscanaudiometory: dip (3,118 Hz; 60 db) dip (3,708 Hz; 55 db, 4,222 Hz; 55 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c) 9 2 2

23 M.S. 57 WECPNL Tympanogram A Air-Bone gap dip 4 khz 1 khz; 4 khz; Audioscanaudiometry: dip (3,084 Hz; 60 db, 4,655 Hz; 60 db) dip (3,186 Hz; 50 db, 4,268 Hz; 50 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c) 9 3 3

24 H.S. 52 WECPNL Tympanobram A Air-Bone gap db dip 4 khz (1 khz; 4 khz; - -) Audioscanaudiometry: dip (4,506 Hz; 40 db) dip (3,256 Hz; 55 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c) 9 4 4

25 H.T. 48 WECPNL Tympanogram A Air-Bone gap 60 db dip 4 khz 2 khz 6 khz db (1 khz;,4 khz; ) Audioscanaudiometry: dip (4,457 Hz; 60 db), dip (3,550 Hz; 60 db, 4,409 Hz; 60 db, 5,131 Hz; 60 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c) 9 5 5

26 Y.K. 68 WECPNL Tympanogram A Air-Bone gap 3 khz 8 khz db (1 khz; 4 khz; ) Audioscanaudiometry: dip (4,555 Hz; 80 db) dip (3,512 Hz; 80 db, 5,187 Hz; 80 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c) 9 6 6

27 I.K. 44 WECPNL Tympanogram A Air-Bone gap 3 khz 8 khz db (1 khz; 4 khz; ) Audioscanaudiometry: dip (2,828 Hz; 65 db; 4,967 Hz; 65 db) dip (2,767 Hz; 60 db, 3,221 Hz; 60 db, 3,668 Hz; 60 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c) 9 7 7

28 K.N. 59 WECPNL Tympanogram A Air-Bone gap 2 khz 8 khz db1 khz 8 khz db 1 khz; -- 4 khz; Audioscanaudiometry dip (3,789 Hz; 80 db) dip (4,362 Hz; 100 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c) 9 8 8

29 K.S. 63 WECPNL A Air-Bone gap db dip 4 khz 1 khz;, 4 khz; dip (3,363 Hz; 70 db,4,132 Hz; 70 db, 5,131 Hz; 70 db), dip (3,550 Hz; 65 db, 4,000 Hz; 65 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c) 9 9 9

30 K.S. 64 WECPNL A Air-Bone gap db dip 4 khz 1 khz;, 4 khz; dip (4,132 Hz; 65 db), dip (4,132 Hz; 70 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c)

31 H.B. 68 WECPNL A Air-Bone gap db dip 4 khz 1 khz;, 4 khz; dip (4,132 Hz; 45 db), dip (4,506 Hz; 60 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c)

32 K.M. 33 WECPNL A Air-Bone gap db dip 4 khz 1 khz;, 4 khz; dip (3,512 Hz; 65 db), dip (3,914 Hz; 55 db) c 5 -dip (a) (Hz) ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8, (b) (c)

33 (a) 50 (b) 50 (c) 90 (d) ISO (E) 5

34 (a) 50 (b) 50 (c) 90 (d) ISO (E) 6

35 (a) 50 (b) 50 (c) 90 (d) ISO (E) 7

36 (a) 50 (b) 50 (c) 90 (d) ISO (E) 8

37

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WECPNL % WECPNL 1. (2.2) 1 % N TNEL j TNEL j = db(a) j + 10 log 10 N j + D j + 23 (2.4) N j db(a) j D j db(a) j 2dB 2 2.1 2.1.1 WECPNL 1 WECPNL 1973 19 WECPNL 19 WECPNL WECPNL 2.1.2 2 1 2 1 WECPNL 1 WECPNL WECPNL = db(a) + 10 log 10 N 27 (2.1) N = N d +3N e +10N n (2.2) 2 1 WECPNL I II 75 I db(a) A N 1 N d 7 19 N e

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