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1 Natural and environmentally friendly way of managing weeds without herbicides by Allelopathy Yoshiharu FUJII, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2.50pm-3.20pm, Monday 24 February 2014 Crown Perth, Burswood 1

2 Outline of Talk What is Allelopathy Selection of allelopathic plants by Bioassays New Concept of Total Activity for the isolation of Allelochemicals. Cover crop with allelopathic activity provides natural and environmentally friendly way of managing weeds without herbicides. 2

3 Allelopathy Interaction (inhibitory or stimulatory) between plants or plant to other life by natural chemicals (allelochemicals) Plant to Plants weed control Significance of Secondary metabolites* Plant to Microorganisms disease control (*not indispensable natural chemicals in plants) Plant to Insects harmful Insect control Plant to Animals nematode, boar, etc. Allelopathy is the same concepts as Antibiotics 3

4 Bioassay for Three Route 1) Exudation (from root) All these Bioassays are my original Assay Plant Box Method 2) Leaching (from leaf or litter) Sandwich Method 3) Volatilization (mainly from leaf as volatile chemicals) Dish Pack Method 3) 2) 2) 1) 4)=1) Rhizosphere Soil Method Fig. 1 Route of Allelopathy and Bioassay 4 4

5 1) Specific Bioassays for Allelopathy For the screening of Allelopathic Plants 5

6 2. 1 Plant Box Method for root exudates (Mixed planting) 80 Root zone separating tube Radicle Length of Acceptor (mm y = x R 2 = Sand Culture for1-2 month Plant Box (for tissue culture) Agar Medium (no nutrients) Fujii, Y. et al., Plant-Box Method: A Specific Bioassay to Evaluate Allelopathy through Root Exudates. Allelopathy, New Concepts and Methodology, Science Publisher, (2007) Distance from the Root of Donor (mm) Dr. Fujii,

7 Table 1. Allelopathic activity Leguminosae Family by Plant Box Method Scientific name English name activity Pachyrhizus erosus Jicama 6 Mucuna pruriens var. utilis Velvetbean 7 Mimosa invisa Allelopathic 9 Crotalaria zanzibarica Sunn hemp 12 Medicago scutellata Snail medic 13 Galega orientalis Galega 14 Coronilla varia Crown vetch Medicago arabica Leguminous16 Trifolium album 16 Medicago lupulina Hop clover 19 Phaseolus vulgaris Kidney bean (Old cv.) 19 Vicia villosa var. dasycarpa Woolly pod vetch 19 Abrus praecatorius Plants Rosary pea 20 Canavalia ensiformis Jack bean 20 Lupinus bicolor 20 Vicia villosa var. villosa Hairy vetch 20 Melilotus albus White sweet clover 23 Dolicos lablab Lablab bean 25 Vicia sativa Common vetch 25 Pueraria lobata Kudzu 28 Crotalaria juncea Sunn hemp 30 Pachyrhizus Trigonella foenum-graecum Fenugreek 30 Vigna unguiculata Cowpea 33 Cassia tora Sickle senna 34 Medicago sativa Alfalfa 34 Mucuna Vicia faba Broad bean 34 Onobrychis viciifolia Esparcette 35 Pachyrhizus tuberosus Ahipa 36 Phaseolus vulgaris Kidney bean (Modrn cv.) 37 Mimosa Vigna angularis Adzuki bean 38 Trifolium incarnatum Crimson clover 39 Cajanus cajan Pigeon pea 40 Crotaralia spectabilis Sunn hemp 40 Crotalaria Pisum sativum Pea 42 Cicer arietinum Chickpea 44 Lathyrus odoratus Sweet pea 44 Amorpha fruticosa False indigo 45 Latyrus sativus Medicago Grass pea 46 Lupinus albus White lupine 46 Arachis hypogaea Peanut 49 Calopogonium mucunoides Calopogonio 49 Desmodium paniculatum Vicia Tick trefoil 49 Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis Asparagus pea 49 Mimosa pudica Sensitive plant 55 Vicia angustifolia var. segetalis Karasunoendou 55 Aeschynomeue rudis Joint vetch 58 Mucuna Mimosa Plant Box Method 7

8 Table Allelopathic activity of Poaceae family evaluated by Plant Box Method (selected results) Radicle Radicle Radicle Scientific name Scientific name Scientific name growth growth growth Hordeum vulgare (Barley, cv. HVG-1) 9.7 Eleusine coracana Allelopathic (Finger Millet) 33.7 Echinochloa Crops utilis (Green Millet) 55.8 Avena strigosa (Wild Oat) 12.0 Triticum monococcum (Einkorn Wheat) 34.3 Euchlaena mexicana (Teosinte) 55.8 Triticum polonicum (Polish Wheat) 13.2 Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum, Shikoku-native) 35.5 Chloris distichophylla (Weeping Chloris) 56.9 Avena sativa (Oat, Hokuren) 14.8 Coix lacryma (Coix) 36.5 Zea mays (Corn, cv. Golden dent) 57.9 Avena murphyi (Wild Oat) 16.9 Panicum kabulabula (Kabulabula Grass) 36.7 Panicum virgatum (Switch Grass) 58.5 Secale cereale (Rye, Samusa-shirazu) 17.3 Avena sativa (Oat, cv. Hayoats) 37.0 Poa pratensis (Kentucky Bluegrass) 59.8 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Avena barbata (Wild Oat) 18.3 Triticum durum (Durum Wheat) 37.3 Panicum dichotomiflorum (Fall panicgrass) 61.2 Triticum compactum (Club Wheat) 19.5 Avena abyssinica (Ethiopian Oat) 38.5 Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann Lovegrass) 61.8 Avena longiglumis (Wild Oat) 21.8 Avena brevis (Brevis Oat) Oats (Avena 38.8 Dactylis glomerata sp.) (Orchard Grass) 61.9 Triticum spelta (Spelta Wheat) 22.4 Panicum maximum (Guinea Grass) 39.7 Eragrostis curvula var. valida (African Lovegrass) 61.9 Triticum sp. x Secale sp. (Triticale) 22.6 Bromus catharticus (Rescuegrass) 40.1 Agrostis alba (Red Top) 62.1 Avena orientalis (Wild Oat) 22.8 Triticum dicoccum Rye (Emmer Wheat) (Secale 40.5 Lolium cereale) perenne (Perennial Ryegrass) 63.6 Chloris gayana (Rhodesgrass) 23.5 Sorghum halepense (Johnson Grass) 42.8 Zea mays (Corn, cv. Pioneer dent) 66.3 Avena wiestii (Wild Oat) 24.1 Panicum antidotale (Blue Panicgrass) 43.5 Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel Grass) Wheat (Triticum sp.) 70.7 Avena byzantina (Byzantine Oat) 24.5 Eragrostis tenuifolia (Eragrostis) 44.6 Paspalum dilatatum (Dallis Grass) 72.4 Hordeum vulgare (Barley, Sansyu) 25.5 Festuca arundinacea (Kentucky 31 fescu) 44.8 Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass) 72.9 Phalaris tuberosa (Hardinggrass) 26.6 Sorghum sudanense (Sudan grass) 45.2 Eleusine indica (Goose Grass) 73.5 Triticum aestivum (Common Wheat, Mulchmugi) 28.0 Agropyron repens (Quackgrass) 46.0 Lolium multiflorum (Italian Ryegrass) 73.9 Anthoxanthum odoratum (Sweet Vernalgrass) 28.1 Lolium subulatum (Wimmera Ryegrass) 46.8 Poa compressa (Canada Bluegrass) 74.0 These upland crops are Festuca rubra (Chewing Fescue) 30.3 Sorghum dochna (Common sorghum) 47.1 Phalaris arundinacea (Reed Canary grass) 76.3 Panicum coloratum (Coloured Guinea Grass) 32.8 Zea mays (Corn, cv. Peter corn) 47.7 Lolium westerwoldicum (Westerwolds Ryegrass) 84.8 Avena fatua (Common wild oat) 33.0 originally Setaria viridis (Foxtail Grass) resistant 53.2 Festuca elatior (Meadow for Fescue) weed 86.8 Triticum aestivum (Common Wheat,cv. Norin 61) 33.5 Pennisetum glaucum (Pearl Millet) 54.4 Phleum pratense (Timothy)

9 Jean-François Millet, Le semeur (1850) bird seed We Japanese love Millet! Wheat wheat has allelopathic activity amount of seeding rate = 3 to 5 times For bird loss and weed suppression 9

10 Table Allelopathic activity of Triticum family evaluated by Plant Box Method MACE is King variety in AU now (by Cristine Zaicou-Kunesch) At today s morning session Scientific name Radicle growth (%) Triticum polonicum (Polish Wheat) 13.2 Triticum compactum (Club Wheat) 19.5 Triticum spelta (Spelta Wheat) 22.4 Triticum sp. x Secale sp. (Triticale) 22.6 Triticum aestivum (Common Wheat, cv. Mulchmugi) 28.0 Triticum aestivum (Common Wheat, cv. Norin 61) 33.5 Triticum monococcum (Einkorn Wheat) 34.3 Triticum durum (Durum Wheat) 37.3 Triticum dicoccum (Emmer Wheat) 40.5 Proposal for Project Breeding of Weed Resistant Wheat with high allelopathic activity! 10

11 Allelochemicals reported from Oats, Rye, Wheat, Barley Oat Rye Wheat Barley CH 3 O HO O O 7-Hydroxy-5-methoxycoumarin (Scopoletin) Many other chemicals are reported, but I guess these traditional compounds are important as allelochemicals based on TA O N OH OH O 2,4-dihydroxy- 1,4-benzoxazine-3-one (DIBOA) O N H O 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) H 3 CO 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy- 1,4-benzoxazine-3-one (DIMBOA) H 3 CO O N OH O N H 6-methoxy- 2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) OH O O HO CH 3 N N,N-dimethyltyramine (Hordenine) CH 3 As for TA, Total Activity, Will explain later. 1. Belz, G.R. and Hurle, K., Dose-Response - A Challenge for Allelopathy? Nonlinearity Biol. Toxicol. Med. 3 (2), (2005) 2. Liu, D. L. and Lovett, J. V., Biologically active secondary metabolites of barley. II. Phytotoxicity of barley allelochemicals, J. Chem. Ecol. 19, (1993) 11

12 2. Sandwich Method for leaf leachates (Mulching, Litter) 6 well multi-dish make sandwich by agar 10 or 50 mg d.w./10 cm 2 For allelopthy by fallen leaves and litters fallen leaves are constant (3 ton / ha / year) = 30 mg d.w./10 cm 2 Dr. Fujii, 1991 Fujii, Fujii, Y. Y. et al., et al., Assessment method for allelopathic effect from from leaf leaf litter litter leachates. Weed Weed Biology and and Management, 4(1), (2004). 1 12

13 Table 3. Allelopathic activity by Sandwich Method Scientific name Radicle Hypocotyl Cymbopogon citratus 0** 0** Derris scandens 0** 0** Piper betle 3** 18** Tamarindus indica 3** 26* Gliricidia sepium 5** 19* Sesbania grandiflora 11* 45* Acacia farnesiana 15* 37 Duranta repens 17* 51 Diospyros mollis 23* 22 Afgekia sericea Ipomea pes-caprae Jatropha integerrima Melia azedarach Citharexylum spinosum Molineria latifolia Passiflora coccinea Calophyllum inophyllum Amhersita nobilis Cynometra cauliflora Litchi chinensis Radicle and hypocotyl means % growth of lettuce seedling to the control (in agar medium). ** after the data means inhibitory activity stronger than standard deviation value of 60, and * means 55. Sandwich Method Cymbopogon Tamarindus Fujii, Y. et al., Screening of 239 medicinal plant species for allelopathic activity using the sandwich method. Weed Biology and Management, 3(4), (2003) 13

14 34. Dish Pack Method for volatile allelochemicals plant leaf (2g) 6 well multi-dish sealed by tape measure after 3 days Volatile chemicals were analyzed by GC-MS β-pinene β-myrcene OH cis-3-hexene-1-ol CH3 OH H3C CH3 thymol CH3 H3C CH2 limonene Fujii, Y. et al., Dish pack method: a new bioassay for volatile allelopathy. In Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Allelopathy, August 21-26, 2005, Wagga Wagga, Australia, (2005). 1 14

15 Allelopathic plant for biofumigation Cleome Cleome spinosa) Strongest activity by Dish Pack Method Allelochemical : Methyl Isothiocyanate (MITC) Cleome from Takii seed Co. H N C S C H H Methyl Isothiocyanate EC100 for lettuce is 18 ppm Kill most specise of nematode Concentration of MITC in Cleome 表 2 クレオメ各部位におけるメチルイソチオシアネート濃度 ppm Leaf M ethylisothiocyanate (fresh) 濃度 (ppm ) 39 Root 茎葉 (fresh) さや 16 Seed pod 16 根 5 Seed 種子 (+ 水 ) 14 Seed 種子 ( 磨砕 (macerated) + 水 )

16 Table 表 今後導入される可能性のある外来植物 Database 600 種のアレロパシー活性の検定結果 for Allelopathic ( 抜粋 データは追加 変更の可能性あり activity 600 種のアレロパシー活性の検定結果 ) evaluated by PB, SW, and ( 抜粋 DP ) method 学名和名科名 SW 法 DP 法 PB 法総合評価学名和名科名 SW 法 DP 法 PB 法総合評価学名和名科名 SW 法 DP 法 PB 法総合評価 Abutilon theophrasti イチヒ アオイ科 Echinochloa frumentacea イネ科 Melilotus officinalis セイヨウエヒ ラハキ マメ科 Aegilops cylindrica ヤキ ムキ イネ科 Echinochloa hispidula イネ科 Melilotus sulcata マメ科 Agropyron repens イネ科 Echinochloa oryzzoides ノケ タイヌヒ エイネ科 Mentha arvensis シソ科 Agrostis canina ヒメヌカホ イネ科 Echinochloa utilis イネ科 Myosotis arvensis ムラサキ科 Agrostis capillaris イトコヌカク サイネ科 Echium italicum ムラサキ科 Nicotiana sylvestris ナス科 Agrostis castellana イネ科 Echium plantagineum シャセ ンムラサキムラサキ科 Oenanthe crocata セリ科 Agrostis gigantea イネ科 Echium vulgare シヘ ナカ ムラサキムラサキ科 Oenothera erythrosepala アカハ ナ科 Evaluation Agrostis stolonifera イネ科 56 of Allelopathy 0 Eclipta alba セリ科 by specific 79 0 Onobrychis viciifolia bioassays マメ科 Agrostis tenuis イネ科 Eclipta erecta セリ科 Ononis spinosa ハリモクシュクマメ科 Alopecurus geniculatus イネ科 Eclipta prostrata セリ科 Panicum clandestinum イネ科 Alopecurus myosuroides イネ科 Eleusine indica シコクヒ エイネ科 Panicum miliaceum イネ科 Alopecurus pratensis イネ科 Emex australis タテ 科 Panicum virgatum イネ科 Althaea officinalis ヒロート アオイアオイ科 Emex spinosa イヌスイハ タテ 科 Papaver dubium ナカ ミヒナケ シケシ科 Amaranthus albus ヒユ科 Erodium cicutarium フウロソウ科 Papaver hybridum トケ ミケ シケシ科 Amaranthus lividus イヌヒ ユヒユ科 Erysimum orientale アフ ラナ科 Paspalum scrobiculatum イネ科 Amaranthus palmeri オオホナカ アオケ イトウヒユ科 Eupatorium cannabinum タイワンヒヨト リセリ科 Pennisetum glaucum トウシ ンヒ エイネ科 and evaluated about 4,000 species in 20 years Amaranthus rudis ヒユ科 Euphorbia corollata トウタ イク サ科 Phalaris aquatica オニクサヨシイネ科 Amaranthus spinosus ヒユ科 Euphorbia cyparissias トウタ イク サ科 Phalaris canariensis カナリークサヨシイネ科 Amaranthus thumbergii ヒユ科 Euphrasia rostkoviana コ マノハク サ科 Phalaris minor ヒメカナリークサヨシイネ科 Ammi majus セリ科 Festuca arundinacea イネ科 Physalis alkekengi ヨオシュホウス キナス科 Anisantha madritensis イネ科 Festuca ovina イネ科 Picris echioides ハリケ コウソ リナセリ科 Anisantha rigida イネ科 Fimbristylis littoralis カヤツリク サ科 Pimpinella anisum アニスセリ科 Anoda cristata アオイ科 Fimbristylis milliacea カヤツリク サ科 Plantago lanceolata ヘラオオハ コオオハ コ科 Anthriscus caucalis セリ科 Fumaria capreolata ニセカラクサケマンケシ科 Poa pratensis イネ科 Apera spica-venti セイヨウヌカホ イネ科 Galium mollugo アカネ科 Poa trivialis オオスス メノカタヒ ライネ科 Arctium minus セリ科 Geranium molle フウロソウ科 Poterium sanguisorba ハ ラ科 Argemone mexicana アサ ミケ シケシ科 Geranium pratense フウロソウ科 Prunella vulgaris シソ科 Artemesia vulgaris セリ科 Geranium pusillum フウロソウ科 Puccinellia distans アレチタチト シ ョウツナキ イネ科 Astragalus danicus クロカ クモメンツ ルマメ科 Geranium pyrenaicum フウロソウ科 Pueraria javanica マメ科 Avena fatua カラスムキ イネ科 Geranium robertianum フウロソウ科 Ricinus gibsonii アカネ科 Avena sterilis イネ科 Geum rivale ハ ラ科 Rorippa austriaca ミミイヌカ ラシアフ ラナ科 Brachiaria decumbens シク ナルク ラスイネ科 Geum urbanum ハ ラ科 Rottboellia exaltata ツノアイアシイネ科 Bromus arvensis 1) イネ科 Medicinal Guizotia abyssinica Plants キハ ナタカサフ ロウセリ科 Rubus fruticosus ハ ラ科 Bromus hordeaceus イネ科 Hirschfeldia incana アレチカ ラシアフ ラナ科 Rumex conglomeratus アレチキ シキ シタテ 科 Bromus lanceolatus イネ科 Holcus lanatus シラケカ ヤイネ科 Rumex crispus タテ 科 Bromus racemosus イネ科 Hyoscyamus niger ヒヨスナス科 Rumex hydrolapathum タテ 科 Bromus rubens チャホ チャヒキイネ科 Hypochaeris glabra セリ科 Rumex patientia タテ 科 Bromus secalinus イネ科 Hypochaeris radicata フ タナセリ科 Rumex rupestris タテ 科 Bromus sterilis アレチノチャヒキイネ科 Ipomoea aquatica ヒルカ オ科 Rumex sanguineus タテ 科 Camelina sativa ナカ ミノアマナス ナツハ キ科 Ipomoea hederacea ヒルカ オ科 Rumex stenophyllus タテ 科 Cardamine pratensis 2) アフ ラナ科 Tropical Ipomoea Plants lacunosa ヒルカ オ科 Sagina subulata ナテ シコ科 Cenchrus longispinus セリ科 Isatis tinctoria ハマタイセイアフ ラナ科 Salvia hormoroides シソ科 Centaurea maculosa ヤク ルマキ ク類セリ科 Juncus articulatus イク サ科 Sanguisorba minor オランタ ワレモコウハ ラ科 Centaurea phrygia セリ科 Juncus bufonius イク サ科 Senecio jacobaea セリ科 Centaurium erythraea ヘ ニハ ナセンフ リリント ウ科 Kichxia commutata コ マノハク サ科 Senecio vulgaris ノホ ロキ クセリ科 Centaurium tenuiflorum ハナハマセンフ リリント ウ科 Lathyrus latifolius マメ科 Sesbania exaltata マメ科 Centrosema pubescens ムラサキチョウマメモト キマメ科 Lathyrus nissolia マメ科 Setaria faberi アキノエノコロク サイネ科 Cerastium frontanum ミミナク サナテ シコ科 Lathyrus phaseoloides マメ科 Setaria macrostachia イネ科 Cerastium glomeratum オランタ ミミナク サ 3) ナテ シコ科 Endangered Legousia speculum veneris オオミソ カクシ Plants キキョウ科 Setaria are verticillata Allelopathic サ ラツキエノコロク サイネ科 Chamaenerion angustifolium ヤナキ ランアカハ ナ科 Leontodon autumnalis セリ科 Setaria viridis エノコロク サイネ科 Chloris gayana ロース ク ラスイネ科 Leontodon hispidus セリ科 Sida alba アオイ科 Chrysanthemum parthenium キク科 Leontodon taraxacoides カワリミタンホ ホ セリ科 Sida rhombifolia アオイ科 Cichorium intybus セリニカ ナセリ科 Lepidum sativum コショウソウアフ ラナ科 Sida spinosa アオイ科 Cnicus benedictus サントリソウセリ科 Lespedeza striata フトモモ科 Sison ammonum セリ科 Cochlearia danica トモシリソウアフ ラナ科 Leucanthemum vulgare フランスキ クセリ科 Sorghum bicolor ソルカ ムイネ科 Cochlearia officinalis ヤクヨウトモシリソウアフ ラナ科 Lolium multiflorum イネ科 Sorghum sudanense スータ ンク ラスイネ科 Conium maculatum ト クニンシ ン 4) セリ科 Invasive Lolium rigidum Alien Plants イネ科 Spergularia bocconei ウシオハナツメクサナテ シコ科 Consolida orientalis ルリヒエンソウキンホ ウケ 科 Lolium temulentum イネ科 Sporobolus cryptandrus イネ科 Crepis capillaris セリ科 Lotus corniculatus マメ科 Stachys annua シソ科 Criteson secalinum イネ科 Lupinus perennis マメ科 Tanacetum vulgare ヨモキ キ クセリ科 Cymbopogon citratus レモンク ラスイネ科 Lychinis viscaria ナテ シコ科 Tephrosia purpurea マメ科 Cyperus difformis タマカ ヤツリカヤツリク サ科 Malva alcea アオイ科 Trifolium album マメ科 Cyperus fuscus カヤツリク サ科 Malva hirsuta アオイ科 Trifolium arvense マメ科 Dactylis glomerata カモカ ヤイネ科 Malva neglecta セ ニハ アオイアオイ科 Trifolium campestre マメ科 Dactylocenium aegyptum タツノツメカ ヤ 5) イネ科 Oats, Barley, 2 Malva parviflora ウサキ アオイ Wheat アオイ科 Trifolium dubium コメツフ ツメクサマメ科 Datura stramonium ヨウシュチョウセンアサカ オナス科 Marubium vulgare ニカ ハッカシソ科 Trifolium pratense アカツメクサマメ科 Deschampsia flexuosa コメススキイネ科 Matricaria discoidea セリ科 Tripleurospermum maritimum セリ科 Desmodium ovalifolium マメ科 Matricaria inodora セリ科 Verbascum nigrum コ マノハク サ科 Digitalis purpurea コ マノハク サ科 Matricaria maritima セリ科 Verbascum thapsus ヒ ロート モウス イカコ マノハク サ科 Digitaria adscendens イネ科 Matricaria perforata セリ科 Verbena officinalis クマツツ ラ科 Digitaria ischaemum イネ科 Matricaria recutita セリ科 Veronica anagalloides コ マノハク サ科 Diplotaxis muralis アフ ラナ科 Matricaria suaveolens セリ科 Veronica persica コ マノハク サ科 Dipsacus fullonum マツムシソウ科 Medicago lupulina マメ科 Vicia hirsuta スス メノエント ウマメ科 Dipsacus pilosus マツムシソウ科 Medicago sativa マメ科 Vulpia bromoides イネ科 Dipsacus sylvestris マツムシソウ科 Melandrium album マツヨイセンノウナテ シコ科 Vulpia myuros ナキ ナタカ ヤイネ科 Echinochloa colonum イネ科 Melandrium rubrum ナテ シコ科 Xanthium spinosum セリ科 Echinochloa (My crus galli dream) Database イネ科 for 1 Allelopathic Melilotus albus シロハ ナシナカ ワハキ マメ科 activity evaluated 2 Xanthium strumarium by PB, SW, セリ科 42 DP 120 method 79 0 注 1)SW 法は葉から溶脱する物質による活性を DP 法は葉から揮発する物質による活性を PB 法は根から滲出する物質による活性を示す 注 2) 表注の数字は 検定植物レタスの生育率 (%) を表しており 数値が小さいほどアレロパシーによる阻害活性が強いことを示す 16 注 3) 判断基準は それぞれの活性の全てのデータの平均値から標準偏差を引いた値よりも小さい場合 活性が強いとした

17 2) Isolation of Allelochemicals based on Total Activity 17

18 試料添加 Chromatography (TLC, HPLC ) H H HO C S S OH H H O Zeylanoxide A H H HO C S S OH H H O epi-zeylanoxide A 薄層クロマトグラフィー用シリカゲルプレート 溶媒 ( 油 ) で展開 さらに展開 さらに展開良好な分離! Structure GC-MS, MS, NMR, IR, ESR, X-ray analysis, etc Solvent Extraction Conventional Method for Isolation of natural chemicals 18

19 New strategies for isolation of allelochemicals in agriculture Comparison of Total Activity and Specific Activity Target Direct use of Allelopathy Use of Natural Chemicals Compounds Allelochemicals in action in situ Bioactive Chemicals with high specific activity Index (g-weight base) Total Activity = 1/EC 50 Concentration in Plants 1/(kg/L) x (kg/l in fresh weight) =(L/kg) x (kg/l) = (no unit) high value ~ high activity Specific Activity = EC 50 (50% inhibitory Concentration) (kg/l)~ppm low ppm ~ high activity 19

20 Isolation of L-DOPA from Velvet bean Endemic plant to Himalayas Distributed in Sino-Japan Area Total activity = 200 Used as food in Japan from more than 1000 years ago (but now disappearing) Fujii Y, Shibuya T. and Yasuda T. L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as an allelochemical candidate from Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 55, (1991) 20

21 Isolation of cyanamide from hairy vetch Cyanamide was already known as synthetic fertilizer, but never isolated as natural chemical Endemic plant to central Asia, now we are recommending to Japanese farmers for weed control Total activity = Kamo T, Hiradate S. and Fujii Y. First isolation of natural cyanamide as a possible allelochemical from hairy vetch Vicia villosa.,j. Chem. Ecol.,29 (2), (2003) 21

22 3) Practical use of Allelopathic Cover Crops 22

23 Mucuna (velvetbean) (Mucuna pruriens) for Green manure, Food, Medicinal plants, and Cover Crop Fujii, Y. Allelopathy of Velvetbean: Determination and Identification of Allelopathic Substances. H. G. Cutler and S. Cutler (Eds), Biologically Active Natural Products: Agrochemicals, CRC Press, pp (1999) 23

24 Velvetbean : Mucuna pruriens var. utilis High production of forage, Legume, rich in protein 24

25 Table 1. Assessment of Allelopathic Activity of Leguminous Cover Plants by Plant Box Method Scientific name (English name) [%]*1 Criteria*2 Mucuna pruriens var.utilis (Mucuna) 87 Vicia faba (Broad Bean) 81 Vicia villosa (Hairy Vetch) 80 Calopogonium mucunoides 78 Melilotus albus (White Sweet Clover) 77 Vicia sativa (Common Vetch) 75 Medicago rugosa 74 Canavalia ensiformis (Jack Bean) 72 Pueraria phaseoloides (Tropical Kudzu) 71 Vigna angularis (Azuki bean) 69 Medicago sativa (Alfalfa) 68 Trifolium incarnatum (Crimson Clover) 64 Tephrosia candida (White Tephrosia) 63 Cajanus cajan (Pigeon Pea) 62 Latyrus sativus (Grass Pea) 59 Cicer arietinum (Chickpea) 56 Vigna radiata (Mung Bean) 53 Stylosanthes hamata (Stylo) 52 Arachis hypogaea (Peanut) 51 Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) 47 Crotaralia juncea (Sunn Hemp) 43 Astragalus sinicus (Chinese Milk Vetch) 41 Lupinus albus (White Lupine) 40 Trifolium subterraneum (Sub Clover) 30 Trifolium repens (White Clover) 28 Glycine max (Soybean) 24 Plant Box Method (for root exudates) *1 Inhibition (%) means allelopathic activity measured by the Plant Box Test. All data are compared to the control and 100 means complete inhibition. *2 Criteria for the allelopathic activity are ; ; >85 %, ; 70 to 84%, :<69 %, respectively. 25

26 Table Weed population in continuous cropping fields Crop Treatment Weed population Weed species observed 6) (g dry weight per m 2 ) Upland Rice 3yr.c 1) 5.11(49.4) 4) 1), 3), 5), 6), 7), 8), 9), 10), 11) 5) Egg plant 3yr.c 16.82(40.1) 1), 2), 3), 5), 6), 7), 8), 9), 10), 11), 12), 13), 14) Tomato 3yr.c 4.92(64.9) 1), 5), 6), 9), 12), 13), 17) Velvetbean 2yr.c 0.00( 0.0) no emergence Fallow 3yr.f 3) 0.97(37.3) 1), 2), 6), 10), 12), 13), 15), 16) 1) Continuous cropping for 3 years. 2) Cultivated for 1 year, followed by fallow next year(test year). 3) Fallow for 3 years, without fertilizer. 4) Numbers in parenthesis are percentages of chickweed, a dominat species. 5) Species appeared in each plot: 1) Sticky chickweed (Cerastium glomeratum), 2) 'Miminagusa' (Cerastium vulgatum var. augustifolium), 3) Annual fleabane (Erigeron annuus), 4) Philadelphia fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus), 5) Starwort (Stellaria alsine var. undulata), 6) Floating foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus), 7) Narrowleaf vetch (Vicia angustifolia), 8) Flexuosa bittercress (Cardamine flexuosa), 9) 'Inugarashi' (Rorippa atrovirens), 10) Common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), 11) Japanese mugwort (Artemisia princeps), 12) Danadian fleabane (Erigeron canadensis), 13) 'Hahakogusa' (Gnaphalium affine), 14) Blady grass (Imperata cylindrica), 15) Meadowgrass (Poa annua), 16) Creeping wood- sorrel (Oxalis corniculata), 17) Shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), 18) Prickly sowthistle (Sonchus asper). Source: Fujii, Y. Shibuya, T. and Usami, Y. (1991): Allelopathic effect of Mucuna pruriens appearance on the appearance of weeds. weeds, Weed Res. Weed 36, Res, Japan 36, (1991) After Velvetbean, little weed! Fujii, Y. Shibuya, T. and Usami, Y. Allelopathic effect of Mucuna pruriens on the 26

27 Allelochemical in Mucuna (Velvetbean) L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) HO COOH HO NH 2 Extremely high concentration in Mucuna pruriens leaves, roots (0.5 to 1.5%) and seeds (5 to 8%) in fresh wt. Relatively strong inhibition to broadleaf weeds (EC 50 =5-50ppm), but not so active to grass (monocot.) Fujii, Y., T. Shibuya, and T. Yasuda, L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine as an allelochemical candidate from Mucuna pruriens(l.) DC.var.utilis. Agric.Biol.Chem. 55(2), (1991) 27

28 How to use Mucuna 1) Green Manure 2) Vegetable (Young pod) 3) Seeds as food, but after proper Cooking. 4) Medicine, as a source of L-DOPA 28

29 Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) for Green manure and Weed control Fujii, : Screening and Future Exploitation of Allelopathic Plants as Alternative Herbicides with Special Reference to Hairy Vetch. R. K. Kohli, H. P. Singh, and D. R. Batish (Eds), Allelopathy in Agroecosystems, pp (2001) 29

30 First observation of strong weed suppression on the field, August,

31 Table Field Effect of Cover Crops on Weed Control in Abandoned Paddy ; First Trial on the Experimental Station ( ) Crop Yield Cover Crop (English Name) W (%) *1 [g m -2 ] First Sampling (May 7, 1993) Control(No-weeding) 0 a * Astragalus sinicus(chinese Milk Vetch) 82 b 431 a Vicia villosa (Hairy Vetch) 99 b 584 ab A. sativa+v. villosa(oat and Hairy Vetch Mix.) 99 b 730 b Second Sampling (June 10, 1993) Control (No-weeding) 0 a ---- Astragalus sinicus(chinese Milk Vetch) 59 b 135 a Vicia villosa (Hairy Vetch) 100 c 147 b A. sativa+v. villosa(oat and Hairy Vetch mix.) 100 c 137 a *1 Percentage of weed control. 100 % means complete control. Dry weight of weeds in the control plot are 281 (First) and 155 (Second) g m -2. Fujii, Y. Screening and future exploitation of allelopathic plants as alternative herbicides with special reference to hairy vetch,j. Crop Prod.,4 (2), (2001) 31

32 Recommendation of Hairy Vetch In Newspaper, 1994 (Japan Agricultural News) 32

33 Orange Farm Mr.Ochi (Ehime Pref.) 1991 年 33

34 34 34

35 Identification of Cyanamide as Allelochemical from Hairy vetch Cyanamide known as active constituents of synthetic fertilizer (Calcium cyanamide) First finding from plants (as natural producs) H H Kamo, T., Hiradate, S. and Fujii, Y.: First isolation of natural cyanamide as a possible allelochemical from hairy vetch Vicia villosa. J. Chemical Ecol. 29 (2), (2003) 35 N C N

36 36

37 Hairy Vetch used as cover crop in Japan more than10,000 ha (estimated from 300 tons seed) No.2 as cover crop after 18 years 37

38 Other Promising Allelopathic Cover Plants 38

39 39

40 Ground Cover Plants Resistant for insects, disease & weeds Useful as Forage Perfume, Medicinal chemicals Beautiful flowers N2 fixation with Allelopathic activity Honey O2 Suppress weeds Prevent Erosion Food (Fruit, Seed, Tuber...) Clean polluted soil by toxic chemicals Cultivate soil by root system Keep soil moisture Resistant for nematoda, and soil disease Green manure by Nitrogen fixation and organic carbon Phyto-Lark : Ground Cover plants with allelopathy 40

41 Three key messages Specific bioassays for Allelopathy, and evaluated about 4,000 plants. New Allelochemicals Isolated by new methodology, Total Activity Method Ground Cover Plants with allelopathiy (= Phytolark ) provides natural and environmentally friendly way of managing weeds without herbicides. 41

42 Questions? Contact details 42

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