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1 Food Security and Vulnerability in Rural China, Survey on 6 Poorest Counties Nie Fengying Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) 2013, Indonesia Contact: niefengying@caas.cn, tel:

2 Content I. Food Security Situation in Poor Counties II. Household Food Security in 6 Poorest Counties III. Recommended Actions

3 I. Food Security Situation in Poor Counties I. Summary Food availability Grain Security Food Security Vulnerability Food Security Food accessibility Food utilization Consumption & nutrition

4 Indicators 1.Availability 4. Utilization Total production Health Output per capita Water & Sanitation Education 2. Accessibility 5. Vulnerability to food Rural incomes insecurity Transportation & markets Natural disasters 3.Consumption & Nutrition Producer price fluctuation Nutritional intake Food Diversity Malnutrition among children under five

5 Hebei 39 Hainan 5 Shanxi 35 Henan Hubei Easten Region Jiangxi 21 Central Region Hunan Anhui Western Region Heilongjiang 14 Jilin 8 Yunnan 73 Guizhou 50 Shaanxi 50 Gansu 43 Sichuan 36 Inner Mongolia 31 Guangxi 28 Xinjiang 27 Qinghai 15 Chongqing 14 Ningxia

6 :best : better : poor Availability Access Utilization Vulnerability Population

7 Features of vulnerable counties (IV+V) 271 counties,38.49m Population,38.49% Located in western mountain area Harsh natural conditions Low grain yield Critical market& road Sever drinking water problems: 44.5% hard in fetching water in V Insufficient medical care: 2/3 with no clinics& doctors in V High illiteracy: 11.6% illiteracy in IV and 39.2% in V

8 II. Household Food Security in 6 Poorest Counties

9 Sampling 3 Provinces: Shanxi, Guizhou, Yunnan 6 poorest counties: 2 / province 114 villages: 19 villages / county 1368 households: 12 households / village

10 Field Survey in 2010 and 2012

11 Focus Group Discussion Household Survey

12 12

13 13

14 1. Over view of six counties 14

15 Percentage of population that is rural Luonan Zhen'an Huize Wuding Pan Zheng'an (average 49% in China) 15

16 Average per capita income in 2008 County Per capita income Rank in NDKPCs (of 592) (CNY) Pan 2, Huize 2, Wuding 2, Zheng'an 2, Zhen'an 1, Luonan 1, Average of six counties National (rural) 2,103(US$323.5) 4,761(US$732.5) 16

17 Percentage of households listing agriculture as main income activity Zheng'an Pan Huize Wuding Luonan Zhen'an 17

18 Percentage of migrants by county Zhen an Luonan Wuding Huize Pan Zheng an 18

19 Percentage of households receiving remittances Zhen an Luonan Wuding Huize Pan Zheng an 19

20 Household head level of education No school Some elementary Completed elementary Some junior high school Completed junior high school Some senior high school Completed senior high school Vocational Zhen'an 15.4% 24.1% 19.7% 9.6% 21.5%.9% 7.0% 1.8% Luonan 6.6% 11.0% 17.1% 6.1% 45.2% 1.8% 11.0% 1.3% Wuding 9.2% 17.5% 20.2% 11.8% 35.5%.4% 3.9% 1.3% Huize 26.8% 19.7% 19.3% 5.7% 23.7%.4% 3.1% 1.3% Pan 20.6% 19.3% 19.3% 5.7% 30.7%.4% 3.1%.9% Zheng'a 12.3% 27.6% 27.6% 3.9% 24.1%.9% 2.6%.9% n Total 18.1% 19.9% 20.4% 6.3% 29.2%.7% 4.3% 1.1% 20

21 Spouse level of education No school Some elementary Completed elementary Some junior high school Complete d junior high school Some senior high school Complete d senior high school Vocational Zhen'an 24.6% 20.6% 18.9% 4.4% 18.4%.9% 3.9%.0% Luonan 18.9% 10.5% 21.5% 6.6% 28.1% 1.3% 3.1% 1.3% Wuding 24.1% 25.0% 17.5% 3.9% 20.2%.0% 2.2%.9% Huize 50.0% 18.4% 10.5% 2.2% 11.8%.0% 1.8%.9% Pan 43.4% 17.1% 16.2% 2.6% 11.8%.0%.4% 1.8% 43.0% 20.6% 18.4% 1.8% 9.2%.4%.4%.0% Zheng'a n Total 39.2% 18.0% 16.0% 3.1% 14.5%.3% 1.5% 1.0% 21

22 Electricity Liquid fuel Wood Coal Charcoal Sawdust Gas Straw Biogas Sources of energy for cooking Zhen'a n 1.8% 0.0% 92.5% 0.0% 3.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 1.8% Luonan 1.8% 0.0% 72.8% 1.3% 1.8% 0.0% 2.6% 18.9% 0.9% Wudin g 21.1% 0.0% 58.8% 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 18.0% Huize 26.8% 1.3% 47.4% 16.7% 0.9% 0.0% 0.4% 4.0% 2.6% Pan 19.7% 0.0% 31.6% 39.5% 0.9% 0.4% 0.0% 0.4% 7.5% Zheng an 26.8% 0.4% 51.3% 5.3% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% 4.4% 11.0% Total 16.3% 0.3% 59.1% 10.5% 1.5% 0.1% 0.5% 4.9% 6.9% 22

23 Drinking water sources Piped water Protecte d well Mountai n source Rain water Unprotect ed well River, stream or dam Other Improve d drinking water Zhen'an 13.6% 5.3% 64.5% 4.4% 5.7% 6.6%.0% 87.7% Luonan 27.6% 36.4% 27.6%.9% 4.4% 1.8% 1.3% 92.5% Wuding 39.5% 4.4% 46.1% 2.2% 2.2% 5.3%.4% 92.1% Huize 33.8% 9.6% 37.7% 7.0% 7.0% 4.4%.4% 88.2% Pan 22.4% 13.6% 55.3% 3.5% 3.1% 1.3%.9% 94.7% Zheng'an 25.4% 5.7% 61.8%.9% 5.3%.9%.0% 93.9% Total 26.8% 12.8% 48.6% 3.7% 4.7% 2.8%.6% 91.9% 23

24 Toilet facilities Flush latrine Traditional pit latrine (Partly) open pit Communal Latrine None / go to forest Zhen'an 7.0% 65.4% 24.1% 1.8% 1.8% Luonan 6.1% 82.9% 10.1%.0%.9% Wuding 3.9% 75.9% 11.0% 3.5% 5.7% Huize 3.1% 72.8% 15.8% 3.9% 4.4% Pan 6.1% 72.4% 16.2% 1.3% 3.9% Zheng'an 15.8% 61.0% 12.3%.0% 11.0% Total 6.7% 71.7% 15.1% 1.8% 4.7% 24

25 Percentage of villages that have health services by counties Luona Average of 6 Zhen'an Wuding Huize Pan Zheng an n counties Percentage of most used health services Zhen'a n Luonan Wuding Huize Pan Zheng an Average of 6 counties Health center Pharmacy Mobile clinic Private clinic village health care worker (nurse) Farmer doctor

26 Source of water for agriculture Zheng'an Pan Huize Wuding Luonan Zhen'an Irrigated Rain-fed 26

27 Agricultural land status by counties County Household Pieces of land Time walk to the Mean per capita Mean farthest land Pan Luonan Zheng'an Zhen'an Wuding Huize Average Percentage of villages that have market Zhen an Luonan Wuding Huize Pan Zheng'an Average %

28 Percentage of households affected by shocks Zhen an Luonan Wuding Huize Pan Zheng'an Drought 20.9% 28.8% 87.0% 88.9% 85.9% 66.2% Floods 33.2% 12.5% 5.4% 2.8% 8.2% 29.3% Hail 1.5% 10.3% 10.3% 11.1% 6.4%.0% Frost 24.5% 24.5% 4.5% 10.6% 15.5% 1.4% Unusually high temperature 8.7% 11.4% 8.1% 7.9% 5.0% 2.3% Hot winds 13.3% 10.3% 4.9% 9.3% 27.3% 13.5% Landslides 7.7% 2.7%.9%.9% 3.6% 10.8% Crop pests & disease 4.1% 5.4% 13.0% 12.0% 2.3% 5.4% Livestock diseases 11.7% 2.7% 8.5% 20.4% 7.7% 9.5% Lack or loss of employment 18.4% 15.2% 17.5% 19.4% 10.5% 23.4% Fire.5%.5% 1.8%.9%.5%.0% High costs of agricultural inputs 21.4% 33.2% 34.1% 29.6% 16.8% 14.9% Earthquake.0%.5% 4.0%.9%.0%.5% Reduced income of a household member 7.1% 9.2% 11.2% 11.6% 10.5% 9.0% Serious illness or accident of household member 25.5% 27.2% 24.2% 21.8% 28.6% 34.7% Death of a working household member 1.0%.5%.9%.5%.9%.5% Death of other household member.0% 1.6%.9%.5%.5%.9% High food / fuel prices 24.0% 22.8% 19.3% 16.2% 15.9% 12.6% Crop destroyed by wildlife 7.1% 1.1%.4% 1.4%.0% 6.8% Other.0%.0%.0%.5%.0%.5% 28

29 Sources of food Cash purchase 50.4% Own production 47.4% others 2.2% Hunting & gathering 0.4% Gift 1.1% Barter 0.3% Credit purchase 0.3% Goverment 0.1% Borrowed 0.0% Own production Cash purchase Gift Hunting & gathering Barter Credit purchase 29

30 Cumulative days of consumption Food consumption score in 2010 Cereals & tubers Meat Pulses Vegetables Oil Fruit Sugar Dairy FCS=21 FCS=35

31 2. Food security in six counties 31

32 How many? 15.3% households in the 6 counties are food insecure Zheng'an Pan Huize Wuding Luonan Zhen'an

33 Percentage of food insecure by county Zheng'an Pan Huize Wuding Luonan Zhen'an 33

34 Who? Rely on unproductive/non-resilient agriculture With no or little livestock Lacking human capital With greater health care needs Without improved sanitation

35 Livelihoods and food security dependent on pensions are the most food insecure crop producers and unskilled labourers, Crop producers: 416 food insecure: 72

36 Food security among widowed versus married household heads 100% 90% 80% 11.9% 26.1% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 88.1% 73.9% Food Insecure Food Secure 20% 10% 0% Married Widow or widower 36

37 Why? Poverty Lack of human capital Limited Investment on rural infrastructure Vulnerability to weather shocks and market risks Limited investment in medical service and illness

38 Poverty and food security Positive correlation between poverty and food insecurity 66.5% of food insecure households are classified as poor (the two poorest quintiles combined)

39 Findings in 2010 and % HH Food Insecure FI not evenly distributed Pensions&unskilled labourers insecure Education, husbandry, health effect Poverty, lack of human capital, disaster, Limited Infrastructure and medical invest Baseline Survey 14.9% Stable, Meat consumption Shaanxi improved,yunnan&guizhou worse Pensions highest FI, Remittance worse Energy2767.8Kcal,24.2%insufficient Protein41.9%, Fat11.5% Similar causes, coping strategy for shocks needed Resurvey

40 III. Recommended Actions Improve access to affordable education Provide skills to potential migrants Create more off-farm labour opportunities Decrease medical cost Increase investment in agricultural development Encourage rearing animals Enhance resistance of natural disasters

41 Nutrition Security Identification of rural poor Long-term Poverty + Food Insure M&E Small Household Domestic & International Collaboration

43 security-and-vulnerability-six-counties-rural-china- 2011

44 谢谢 Thank You 2013/7/2 44

041-057_’¼Œì

041-057_’¼Œì 542012 4157 Nishino Toshiaki The purpose of this paper is to analyze the present conditions of the mountain villages of Japan in the early 21 st century. The revolution of fuel sources from a predominance