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2 ルベーグ積分 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. このサンプルページの内容は, 初版 1 刷発行時のものです.

3

4 Lebesgue λ a<b λ([a, b]) = b a 7 Fubini 1 A.1

5 ii 110 *

6 i v vi σ L

7 iv 5.2 * * * * A A

8

9 N := Z := Q := R := A.1 R 0 := {x R: x 0}, R >0 := {x R: x>0} R := R {, + }, R 0 := {x R: x 0} f,g: X R X g(x) f(x) g f X 0 f(x) 0 f f : X Y (image) A X f(a) :={f(x);x A} (range) range f := f(x) (inverse image) B Y f 1 (B) :={x X : f(x) B} f : X R a R {f a} := {x X : f(x) a}, {f <a} := {x X : f(x) <a} {f = a} := {x X : f(x) =a}, {f a} := {x X : f(x) a} {f a}{f >a} {a f<b} A X (complement) A c { 1 (x A) 1 A (x) := 0 (x A c ) A (indicator function)

10 vii (power set) P(X) X (difference) AB A \ B := {x A: x B} #A: A x + o O p R f(x) =o(x p ) lim x + f(x)x p =0 f(x) =O(x p ) R R >0 sup x>r f(x) x p < + ( ) s s R n Z 0 := n n =0 ( s 0) =1 n 1 k=0 (s k) n! 0 (x =0) sgn : R R sgn(x) = x (x 0) x Bμ σ f 1 μ a.e. f L 1 μ I := {(a, b];a, b R,a<b} { } dv v γ(m; ) m M(γ)N (γ) γ δ a a λλ (2) 1 2

11 viii σ(a) A σ B(R)B(R 2 ) 1 2 B 1 B 2 μ 1 μ 2 σ C0 r(rd ) C r R d R γ 5 f c f s f var + (ξ; )var (ξ; )var(ξ; ) ξ

12 1 1.1 Riemann Dirichlet { 1 (x Q) f(x) = 0 (x Q) cos { 1 (x Q) lim lim (cos πm! m n x)2n = 0 (x Q) (1.1) x Q Mx Z M N m M (cos πm! x) 2 =1 x Q m m! x Z lim n (cos πm! x) 2n =0 (1.1) (1.1) 1 0 (cos πm! x) 2n dx = n k=1 2k 1 2k (2k 1)/(2k) k/ k +1 n k=1 (2k 1)/(2k) 1/ n +1 0

13 2 1 0 Q Lebesgue 2 f :[0, 1] [0, 1] R 1.1 (b) f [0, 1] [0, 1] 1.2 1/2 n [0, 1] [0, 1] { (x, y) [0, 1] [0, 1]: } k k +1 f(x, y) < 2n 2 n (k Z) (1.2)

14 1.3 3 Lebesgue (1.2) k=1 ( { } ) k k 2 +1 n f<k 2n 2 n (1.3) n (1.3) 1.3 Lebesgue (1.3) 1.3 B μ: B R μ B B [0, 1] [0, 1] B[0, 1] [0, 1] B. A B([0, 1] [0, 1]) \ A B A n B(n =1, 2,...) n=1 A n B B σ μ A Bμ(A) 0 μ( ) =0 A n B(n =1, 2,...) μ ( n=1 A n)= n=1 μ(a n)

15 4 1 μ 2 σ B μ() = μ B μ 2 f :[0, 1] [0, 1] R {k/2 n f<(k +1)/2 n } B f (1.3) n f f 2 [0,1] [0,1] f(x, y) dxdy = lim n k=1 ({ }) k k 2 μ +1 f<k n 2n 2 n f n f g n Nx R f n (x) g(x) + + f n (x) dx = f(x) dx lim n 1.1 Fourier

16 f : R R lim n + nf(x) dx = πf(0) n 2 x f(x/n)/(x2 +1)dx M y R f(y) M g(x) :=M/(x 2 +1) g n Nx R f(x/n)/(x 2 +1) g(x) lim n f(x/n)/(x 2 +1) = f(0)/(x 2 +1) + f(0)/(x2 +1)dx (= πf(0)) r lim r + r nf(x)/(n2 x 2 +1)dx + nf(x)/(n2 x 2 +1)dx (1.3) R r lim r + r dx 1.1 Lebesgue 1.5

17 2 A σ 2.1 B R d 3 B R d σ (σ field) B A BA c BA c R d A n N A n B n=1 A n B 2.1 (union) (countably infinite) A n (mutually disjoint) n m A n A m = 2.2 R d B μ: B R 3 (B,μ) B R d (measure) σ

18 2.1 7 B R d σ A Bμ(A) 0μ(A) =+ μ( ) =0 A n Bμ ( n=1 A n)= n=1 μ(a n) σ (σ additivity) μ σ (σ additive) (B,μ) R d 1 (1.2) σ B f : R d R B (measurable) a R {f <a} := {x R d : f(x) <a} B f B (measurable function) σ B B (measurable set) range f := f(r d ) f 2.1 {f = a} {x R d : f(x) =a}

19 8 2 B {f = a}, {f = b},... B f : R d R B (simple function) B + range f f g f B g y range g yμ({g = y}) f f g f 2.5 f : R d R + B + μ f (integral) { } fμ:= sup yμ({g = y}); g B 0 g f R d y range g f(x) =max{f(x), 0} max{ f(x), 0} f : R d R B max{f,0} (Darboux) f f B μ σ

20 2.2 σ 9 max{ f,0} B B f : R d R μ (integrable) max{f,0} μ<+ max{ f,0} μ<+ R d R d f (B,μ) (integrable function) μ f fμ:= max{f,0} μ max{ f,0} μ R d R d R d 2.14 μ R d f μ<+ 2.2 ff σ 2.3 {f <a} {x R d : f(x) <a} {f a} 2.1 f : R d R 4 a R {f <a} B 2.3 a R {f a} B a R {f a} B a R {f >a} B 2.1 {f <a} {f a} {f <a} B {f a} B {f >a} = n=1 { f a + 1 } n (2.1) (2.1) B

21 B {f <a} = n=1 { f a 1 } n 2.1 (2.1) c R c c R d 2.2 c R c B 2.2 (i) R d B (ii) A, B BA BA BA \ B B (iii) n N A n B n=1 A n B 2.1 R d = c B(ii) A B B A 1 := A, A 2 := B, A n := (n 3) n N A n B 2.1 A B = n=1 A n B(ii) (iii) A B =(A c B c ) c, A\ B =(A c B) c, ( A n = n=1 n=1 A c n ) c 2.1 A, B B(A c B c ) c B (A c B) c B 2.1 n N A n B( n=1 Ac n )c B 2.1 f : R d R B a <b {a f<b} B y R {f = y} B

22 2.2 σ 11 {a f < b} = {f < b}\{f < a} 2.2 (ii) B y R {f = y} B{f = + } = n=1 {f n} 2.2 (iii) {f =+ } B {f = y} B 2.4 f : R d R {f = y} y range f R d 2.3 f : R d R range f f B y range f {f = y} B B {f = y} B 2.1 {f <a} = y range f,y<a {f = y} range f 2.4 A, B B (i) (finite additivity)a B = μ(a B) =μ(a)+μ(b) (ii) A B μ(a)+μ(b \A) =μ(b) μ(a) μ(b) (iii) A B μ(a) < + μ(b \ A) =μ(b) μ(a) (iv) (subadditivity)μ(a B) μ(a)+μ(b) (i) 2.2 (ii) σ μ( ) =0 (ii)(iii) A (B \ A) = μ(a)+ μ(b \ A) =μ(b) μ(b \ A) 0 μ(a) μ(b) μ(a)+μ(b \ A) =μ(b) μ(a) < + μ(a) (iv) σ

23

24 4 1 1 λ a<b λ([a, b]) = b a [a, b] b a (a, b] :={x R: a<x b} a, b Ra <b 4.1 R (B,λ) (a, b] (a, b] B λ((a, b]) = b a B R σ a<b (a, b] B λ B a<b λ((a, b]) = b a a, b, c 1,c 2 R a<b 2.2

25 (a,b] c 1 (b a) (b 0) (c 1 1 (,0] + c 2 1 (0,+ ) ) λ = c 1 a + c 2 b (a <0 <b) c 2 (b a) (0 a) B 4.1 (i) a<b (a, b)[a, b][a, b) B (ii) I f : I R B (iii) A R B (iv) A R B A R B (i)(iii) (ii) I =(0, 1) x R [x] :=max{n Z: n<x} n N f n :(0, 1) Rx f([nx]/n) f(0) = 0 N := {k Z: 0 k < n} range f n = {f(k/n);k N} B {f n = y} = k N : f(k/n)=y (k/n, (k +1)/n] (0, 1) f n B f f n f f B (iv) BA x R { x z ; z A} f : R Rx inf{ x z ; z A} x, y R ε R >0 x z f(x)+ε z A f(y) y z y x + x z y x + f(x)+ε xy f(x) x y + f(y)+ε x, y R f(x) f(y) x y (ii) B {x R: f(x) =0} B A = {x R: f(x) =0} 4.1 (2) B B 4.1 (1) 4.1 (i)(iii)

26 (2) R A A = {x R: inf{ x z ; z A} =0} (3) I f : I R B 4.2 (i) A R λ(a) =0 (ii) a, b R a<bλ((a, b))λ([a, b])λ([a, b)) b a (i) 4.1 (iii) A B x A n N 0 λ({x}) λ((x 1/n, x]) = 1/n λ({x}) =0σ λ(a) = x A λ({x}) = Q (i) 4.2 (i) λ(q) =0 (0,1) 1 Q λ =0 (ii) m N A := {x R: m! x Z} A Q (0,1) 1 A λ =0 x R lim n (cos πm! x) 2n = 1 A (x) 0 (cos πm! x) 2n 1 lim n (0,1) (cos πm! x)2n λ(dx) =0 (iii) x R lim m lim n (cos πm! x) 2n =1 Q (x) lim m (0,1) lim n (cos πm! x) 2n λ(dx) =0 4.3 J B f : J R I 1,...,I n J J \ n k=1 I k (i) f J λ I k λ (ii) f J λ J fλ = n k=1 I k fλ 4.2 (i) λ (J \ n k=1 I k)= (ii) 4.3 I F : I R F f : I R F : I R F = f

27 F f (primitive function) 4.2 a, b Ra <b f :(a, b) R λ (i) (a, b) Rx (a,x) fλf (ii) f F lim x a F (x)lim x b F (x) (a,b) fλ= lim x b F (x) lim x a F (x) (i) c (a, b) ε R >0 δ R >0 y c <δ f(y) f(c) <εc x<b λ((c, x)) = x c x = c (c, x) = 4.3 (ii) (a,x) ( ) fλ fλ f(c)(x c) = f f(c) λ (a,c) (c,x) 2.4 (i) c x<min{c + δ, b} fλ fλ f(c)(x c) f f(c) λ ε x c (a,x) (a,c) max{c δ, a} <x c x (a,x) fλc f(c) (ii) K R (a, b) F (x) = (a,x) fλ+ K ab a = b =+ 2.4 (i) F (x) K = (a,x) (c,x) fλ (a,x) f λ lim sup F (x) K lim sup f λ f λ (n N) x a x a (a,x) (a,a+1/n) (a, a +1/n) n=1 (a, a +1/n) = 2.6 (ii) (a,a+1/n) f λ 0 F 0 F

28 lim x b F (x) =K + (a,b) fλ x a F (x) K F (x) K fλ = fλ fλ = fλ f λ (a,b) (a,b) (a,x) (x,b) (x,b) λ 4.1 a, b Ra <b f :(a, b) R a = b =+ F : R R x <0 F (x) := (x,0) fλf (0) := 0 x >0 F (x) := (0,x) fλc R 4.3 (ii) x > c 1 F (x) = fλ fλ ( c 1,x) ( c 1,0) (i) F (c) =f(c) 4.2 a, b Ra <b f :(a, b) R f F (i) (a,b) fλ=sup x (a,b) F (x) inf x (a,b) F (x) + =+ (ii) F f λ a = b =+ a n a b n b f F 4.2 (ii) n N ( n,n) fλ= F (n) F ( n) 2.6 (i) 4.3 (max{a, 0}) 2 a, b Ra < b (a,b) 2max{x, 0} λ(dx) = (max{b, 0})2 4.2 F lim x a F (x) lim x b F (x)

29 lim x b F (x) lim x a F (x) lim x b F (x) lim x a F (x) F (x) x=b x=a F b a 4.4 a, b Ra <b f :(a, b) R λ F (a,b) fλ= F b 4.2 a (0,+ ) e x λ(dx) = e x x=+ x=0 =1 4.6 (i) (ii) (0,1) s>0 ( x s 1 x s +1 1 x +1 ( x s 1 x s +1 1 x +1 (1,+ ) (iii) x ) λ(dx) = 1 s s log 2 ) λ(dx) = s 1 log 2 s xs 1 x s +1 1 (0, + ) λ x +1 (i) x (1/s)log(x s +1) log(x +1) 0 <s<1 (0, 1) Rx x s 1 /(x s +1) 1/(x +1) 4.2 (ii) 0 <s<1 (1, + ) Rx 1/(x +1) x s 1 /(x s +1) 4.2 lim x (x s +1) 1/s /(x +1)= A R Rx e x2 λ x e 2 x s>0 (0,1) (1 x2 ) s 1 λ(dx) < +

30

31 a.e. 37 a.e. 47 C 69 C 70 L 1 85, 134 L 1 44 L 1 44 L p 46 p 46 σ 7 σ 6, 77 σ 103 σ 7, 73, 192 σ 100, , C 71 21, 38, , 19, , 54, , , 76, 80, , , 150 1/ , , , , , , σ , 9, 17, 19, 36, σ , 19, 22

32 88, , 192, C r , 40 11, σ , , 24, , 206, , 136, , , 94, 108, , , , , , , 195, 213

33 , , , , 136, , , , 211, , , 41, , ,

34 c FAX PrintedinJapan ISBN

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