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- とらふみ おおふさ
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1 参考資料
2
3 Exif A 41
4 4 B 43 45
5 km
6 [1] 1.1 [2] 1.1
7 ( ) 1.2 L cd/m 2 (cd) (m 2 ) / (magnitude/arcsec 2 ) (cd) (magnitude) α β arcsec( )
8 / (magnitude/arcsec 2 ) / / / +22 / /
9 ( 30 ) ( 90 ) +15 / +18 / +22 / +22 / / I 0 1 θ I ( ) αk cos 2 θ I = I 0 4πϵ 0 2r 2 (1.1) α k ϵ 0 r k λ k = 2π/λ cos 2 θ I 0 θ I I = I 0 S 1 (θ) 2 + S 2 (θ) 2 2k 2 (1.2) S 1 S 2
10 (1 m ) 3.5 m m 4 m 1 m 1.14 m 4.0m( )/1.14m( ) 1.0m( ) = 3.51m (1.3)
11 CCD Sky Quality Meter-LE CCD Sky Quality Meter-LE Y=150,000 Y=50,000 Y=40,000 Y=10,000 20
12 CCD X Y Z CCD Count Pixel Pixel 1.4
13 Sky Quality Meter Sky Quality Meter Sky Quality Meter(SQM) (TAOS TSL237) SQM SQM-L SQM-LE USB SQM-LU SQM 42 SQM-L SQM-L / 80 SQM 1.6 SQM-L SQM SQM-L
14 SQM-L nm 1.7 (Johnson V) 1.7 CIE
15 (Canon EOS Kiss X4) RGB Johnson V G Johnson V 530 nm 100 nm Johnson V Johnson V Filter Relative Transmission Digital Camera B Channel Digital Camera G Channel Digital Camera R Channel Wavelength [nm] (Canon EOS Kiss X4) RGB Johnson V SQM-L Sky Quality Meter(SQM) (TAOS TSL237) (HOYA CM-500) TSL TSL237 CM-500 SQM-L Johnson V
16 TSL237 CM-500 SQM-L
17 17 2 CCD CMOS RGB Foveon 2.1 RAW RAW RAW 2008 APS-C 35 mm
18 18 2 RAW (EVF: Electronic View Finder) (2 8 = 256) (2 12 = 4096)
19 CCD CMOS RGB Foveon X-Trans RGB 2.2 R 1 G 2 B 1 G 1976 [7]
20 20 2 G B G B R G R G G B G B R G R G G B G B R G R G /2 2.3 XY RGB L Foveon Foveon ( ) 2.4 3
21 Foveon X-Trans 2.5 G R G R G B G G R G B G B G R G G B G B G B G R G G B G R G R G B G G R G 2.5 X-Trans CCD Johnson UBV Cousins RcIc BVRc 2.6
22 Normalized Responce B V Rc Wavelength [nm] 2.6 Johnson Cousins BVRc RGB 2.7 (Canon EOS Kiss X4) RGB Johnson V G Johnson V 530 nm 100 nm Johnson V Johnson V Filter Relative Transmission Digital Camera B Channel Digital Camera G Channel Digital Camera R Channel Wavelength [nm] (Canon EOS Kiss X4) RGB Johnson V
23 RGB RGB RGB raw2fits raw2fits RAW FITS (FITS ) FITS JPEG raw2fits 2.9 FUJIFILM X-Trans G1 R G1 R B G2 B G2 G1 R G1 R B G2 B G2 Split to 2x2 pixels G1 R B G2 G1 R B G2 G1 R B G2 G1 R B G2 Extract & Merge Green Channels G1 +G2 G1 +G2 G1 +G2 G1 +G2 2.9 raw2fits
24 24 2 R G1 R B G1 B G2 B G3G2 R G3 G4 R G5G4 B G5 B G1 B R G1 R G2 R G3G2 B G3 G4 B G5G4 R G5 Split to 3x3 pixels R G1 R G2 B G3 G4 R G5 B G1 B G2 R G3 G4 B G5 B G1 B G2 R G3 G4 B G5 R G1 R G2 B G3 G4 R G5 Extract & Merge Green Channels G1+G2 +G3+G4 +G5 G1+G2 +G3+G4 +G5 G1+G2 +G3+G4 +G5 G1+G2 +G3+G4 +G raw2fits X-Trans 2.5 CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) RGB x y y = x γ (2.1) γ 2.2 γ 2.11 RAW 1 1 y = x y = x
25 SONY Image Data Converter Data Count Image Data Converter Exposure Time 2.12 SONY Image Data Converter CMOS CCD
26 OLYMPUS E 500 NIKON D40X NIKON D60 Canon EOS Kiss F Canon EOS 20Da OLYMPUS E 3 PENTAX K10D 10 NIKON D200 NIKON D70 SONY DSLR A % 0.1% 1% 10% 100% Canon EOS Kiss Digital 2.13 (12 bit )
27 NIKON D3 Canon EOS Kiss X3 FUJIFILM S5Pro FUJIFILM S3Pro 10 NIKON D700 NIKON D700 Canon Kiss Digital X % 0.1% 1% 10% 100% Canon EOS 5D MarkII 2.14 (14 bit )
28 28 2 a mm b mm P d mm a b d = P Canon EOS Kiss X [mm] 14.7 [mm] [um] d mm f mm θ [ ] 2.15 (2.2) [ ] d θ = 2 tan (2.3) 2f EOS Kiss X50 50 mm 1 θ [ ] [ ] θ = 2 arctan 3600 = (2.4) RBG Bayer G 1 RBG 2 EOS Kiss X50 50 mm 1 θ [ ] θ = = (2.5) 2.8 CCD CMOS ISO 2.9 CCD CMOS
29 Lens θ Image Sensor f d F3.5 F ±1.0 % ±0.01 [mag arcsec 2 ]
30 (F 4.0) JPEG JPEG(Joint Photographic Experts Group).jpg.jpeg TIFF TIFF(Tagged Image File Format) 16 bit.tif.tiff
31 RAW RAW SONY ARW Canon.crw.cr2 FUJIFILM.raf NIKON.nef OLYMPUS.orf Panasonic.rw2 PENTAX.pef Sony.arw DNG DNG(Digital Negative) Adobe Systems RAW Adobe DNG Converter RAW PENTAX RAW.dng ARW SONY RAW ARW ARW2 7R bit R G 16 G B
32 32 2 Compressed Output (11 bit) (8192, 1762) (0, 0) (3200, 1300) (2000, 1000) (5696, 1612) (17204, 2047) Input (12 bit or 14 bit) 2.17 ARW Max Min Offset Max Min 2.1 ARW2 Max Min Offset of Max Offset of Min Delta 1 Delta 2... Delta 13 Delta bit 11 bit 4 bit 4 bit 7 bit 7 bit... 7 bit 7 bit Delta DataSpan = Max Min (2.6) Step = 2 round(log 2(DataSpan/128)) (2.7) Delta = (P ixelv alue Min)/Step (2.8) (2.9) round = 128 bits DataSpan Step DataSpan 128 Step 1 Delta DataSpan 128
33 2.11 Exif Exif Exif Exchangable image file formt for digital still cameras (JEITA) (CIPA) JPEG RAW
34
35 A B I a I b A B M M = 2.5 log I a I b (3.1) X Y Z
36 C bk I bk I bk = C bk θ 2 (3.2) C star 3.1 C total N bk 3.3 C star = C total N bk (3.3) I bk C star M std M bk 3.4 M bk M bk = 2.5 log I bk C star + M std (3.4) B K
37 CCD Count Pixel Pixel
38 a(h) 0 ( a(h) = exp h ) ( exp h ) (3.5) 1.5 [7] h [km] 0 F (z) F (z) F (z) = 1 cos z exp ( ) 11 (3.6) cos z (3.5) (3.6) m m = a(h)f (z) (3.7)
39 Cassiopeiae RW Cephei Ia-0 ABSOLUTE VISUAL MAGNITUDE Orionis C Ophiuchi Puppis Ursae Majoris Rigel Sanduleak M A I N Canis Majoris 40 Eridani B INSTABIRITY STRIP Deneb Leonis Merope Regulus Carinae Vega Sirius Fomalhaut Altair Virginis A, B Aurigae R Coronae Borealis Canopus Persei Cephei Polaris Aquarii Cephei Betelgeuse SUPERGIANTS Pegasi Ib Antares RV Tauri Sagittae II LONG-PERIOD Arcturus VARIABLES GIANTS Aldebaran Mira Ursae Capella III Majoris RR Lyrae B A Ursae Minoris Andromedae Scuti Boötis Pollux W VARIGINIS Cassiopeiae Procyon A Boötis SUN CEPHEIDS STARS SUBGIANTS S E Q U E N C E Centauri A IV T Tauri Cassiopeiae 70 Ophiuchi A Centauri B Eridani SUBDWARFS Indi 70 Ophiuchi B A 61 Cygni B VI Ia Cassiopeiae B V Sirius B ZZ Ceti Procyon B WHITE DWARFS Krüger 60 A B Barnard's Star +15 Wolf 28 O5 B0 A0 F0 G0 K0 M0 M8 SPECTRAL TYPE VII Proxima Centaurui UV Ceti Wolf
40 CCD 3.3
41 Zenith z Atmosphere Observation Point h 3.4
42
43 43 A ( ) f(x) = A (x µ)2 exp 2πσ 2σ 2 (A.1) 2 ln f(x) = ln A (x µ)2 2πσ 2σ 2 g(x) = ln f(x) µ = b 2a A 2πσ = exp σ 2 = 1 2a (c b2 4a g(x) = ax 2 + bx + c ) (A.2) (A.3) (A.4) (A.5) (A.6) (A.7) χ 2 = (y i g(x i )) 2 χ 2 = ( yi ax 2 i bx i c ) 2 (A.8) (A.9) a b c a χ2 = 0 b χ2 = 0 b χ2 = 0 (A.10) (A.11) (A.12)
44
45 45 B (α) (δ) (ϕ) (θ) (α P, δ P ) ϕ P (α, δ) (ϕ, θ) sin θ = sin δ sin δ P + cos δ cos δ P cos(α α P ) cos θ sin(ϕ ϕ P ) = cos δ sin(α α P ) cos θ cos(ϕ ϕ P ) = sin δ cos δ P cos δ sin δ P cos(α α P ) (B.1) (B.2) (B.3) (R θ, A ϕ ) µ µ = 0 µ = 1 µ = µ R θ θ R θ = 180 π (µ + 1) cos θ µ + sin θ (B.4) µ = 1 R θ ϕ (x, y) x = R θ sin ϕ y = R θ cos ϕ (B.5) (B.6)
46
47 47 [1] : (1998). [2] : (2000). [3] S. Isobe, and H. Kosai: Star watching observations to measure night sky brightness, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, 139, , (1998). [4] Bryce E. Bayer: Color Imaging Array, US pat. 3,971,065, (1976). [5] : CCD,, pp.111 (1996). [6] E. Hog, C. Fabricius, V.V. Makarov, et al.: The Tycho-2 Catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars, A&A, 355, (2000). [7] Daniel W. E. Green: Magnitude Corrections for Atmospheric Extinction, International Comet Quarterly, 14, 55-59, (1992). [8] CIE standard colorimetric observers, ISO/CIE 10527, [9] : FITS 5.1 (2007)
ii 3.,. 4. F. (), ,,. 8.,. 1. (75%) (25%) =7 20, =7 21 (. ). 1.,, (). 3.,. 1. ().,.,.,.,.,. () (12 )., (), 0. 2., 1., 0,.
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微分積分 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. このサンプルページの内容は, 初版 1 刷発行時のものです.
微分積分 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. ttp://www.morikita.co.jp/books/mid/00571 このサンプルページの内容は, 初版 1 刷発行時のものです. i ii 014 10 iii [note] 1 3 iv 4 5 3 6 4 x 0 sin x x 1 5 6 z = f(x, y) 1 y = f(x)
About Us Nonprofit and voluntary group for co- existence of starry sky and city lights Established in 2007 and consists of over a hundred members Con;n
A Proposal of Measurement of Night- sky Brightness using Digital S;ll Camera Hoshizora Kodan hap://www.kodan.jp/ About Us Nonprofit and voluntary group for co- existence of starry sky and city lights Established
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( 28) ( ) ( 28 9 22 ) 0 This ote is c 2016, 2017 by Setsuo Taiguchi. It may be used for persoal or classroom purposes, but ot for commercial purposes. i (http://www.stat.go.jp/teacher/c2epi1.htm ) = statistics
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知能科学：ニューラルネットワーク
2 3 4 (Neural Network) (Deep Learning) (Deep Learning) ( x x = ax + b x x x ? x x x w σ b = σ(wx + b) x w b w b .2.8.6 σ(x) = + e x.4.2 -.2 - -5 5 x w x2 w2 σ x3 w3 b = σ(w x + w 2 x 2 + w 3 x 3 + b) x,
知能科学：ニューラルネットワーク
2 3 4 (Neural Network) (Deep Learning) (Deep Learning) ( x x = ax + b x x x ? x x x w σ b = σ(wx + b) x w b w b .2.8.6 σ(x) = + e x.4.2 -.2 - -5 5 x w x2 w2 σ x3 w3 b = σ(w x + w 2 x 2 + w 3 x 3 + b) x,
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IA hara@math.kyushu-u.ac.jp Last updated: January,......................................................................................................................................................................................
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数論 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. http://www.morikita.co.jp/books/mid/008142 このサンプルページの内容は, 第 2 版 1 刷発行当時のものです. Daniel DUVERNEY: THÉORIE DES NOMBRES c Dunod, Paris, 1998, This book is published
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