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2 31(4): (2007) Tradition and Modernity in Fishing among the Sama, Eastern Coast of Borneo, Malaysia Rintaro Ono * Key Words : Maritime Southeast Aisa, Borneo Island, Sama, fishing activity, tradition, modernity : 497
3 31 4 This paper aims to analyze tradition and modernity as reflected in fishing and fishing societies among the modern Sama, who live on the east coast of Sabah in Borneo Island, Malaysia, by comparing two groups: the Land Sama and the Sea Sama, who have had different histories of immigration and settlement since the 18 th century. Based on a quantitative analysis of the ownership of fishing vessels, engines, and gears, together with practical data on methods, times, catches, and efficiency of each fishing activity, I reveal some aspects of tradition and modernity in Sama fishing. Concerning modernity, the number of fishermen is decreasing among Land Sama households. The recent diversification of subsistence and higher employment opportunities among the Land Sama, together with a drastic decrease in coastal resources are the possible major factors. While fishing has declined to become an unpopular and minor subsistence in the society as a whole, some households have begun low cost fishing such as hand line fishing. Others who once engaged in fishing are now shifting to other related ventures such as aquaculture of the sea weed agar-agar. On the other hand, all Sea Sama households still engage in fishing as their major subsistence as they did in the traditional age. The major fishing method among the Sea Sama is net fishing, which needs high economic and labor investment, but produces a larger catch than other fishing methods. Net fishing is one of the major traditional fishing methods of the Sama. A food consumption survey also revealed that Sea Sama households eat more cassava, which is recognized as a traditional food by the Sama. My observations also confirmed that the disadvantageous social status of the Sea Sama as illegal immigrants or refugees might result in a high performance in fishing, since it is an activity which such immigrants can easily conduct. Furthermore, based on contracts to produce fish cheaply price in exchange for the acquisition of a guarantee called jalminan, a stratified social relation has been formed between the Land Sama fish buyers and the illegal Sea Sama fishermen. However, this social relationship is not similar to the patron-client partnership formed between capital and labor, but is essentially based on a common language, ethnicity, and culture as Sama, and formed at a personal or household level between Land Sama and Sea Sama. 498
4 ,500 Bellwood 1997; Ono 2003, 2004;
5 : 22 e.g. 1997, North Borneo Chartered Company 500
6 Sather 1997: Sulu SabahKalimantan 501
7 31 4 Selatan Selawesi Sunda Halmahera Nimmo 1968; Pallesen 1985; Warren 1971; 2002; 1996; 1992; Sather 1997; Warren 1971, Sama Dilaut Dilaut Bajau Laut Laut aa Deya aa Deya Samal 8 502
8 Stone Warren 1992; Stone 1962; Warren SempornaBumbumOmadal Warren
9 S H Sather ,500 mm 2,000 mm Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia
10 mm 100 mm
11 Jabatan Perankaan Sabah % 10% Sather S H S H S H S H 8 50 H 1990 H S 506
12 3 S 4 H
13 S 6H 7 24 S Pandanus sp. Cocos nucifera 508
14 6 S 7 H 509
15 Macaca fascicularissus barbatus Nimmo 1972 Sather 1984, 1997 daluma da luma 510
16 magdaluma mataan mata 15 magdaluma daluma 1 16 S 20 H
17 31 4 H R R R kg kg Ringgit Malaysia RM 12 R 72 R m 1995,1997; Nimmo 1968; Sather 1984, 1997;
18 1 1995: amahang 2 3 anakop 2 3 amungsud 2 3 binangkad 6 10 amokot ambit amissi 1 2 magsangkaliya 2 3 angalaway 2 5 angullan anu 1 3 magbat 1 3 ahiyak pahi 1 3 magkoha anu a magbubu magpana anahat magt bba ; Sather 1984, 1997;
19 ; Nimmo 1972; Sather 1984, 1997; Boggo Lunday Damas Zing-nging Pelang 20 Lepa Sapit Kumpit Kurais ambit magambit Sather 1997; 1995, 1997 linggi selibut pogol selikit sangkil bujak pissi 1920 Ficus microcarpa Sather 1997: bubu 514
20 bubu bubu tahik heya tahik diki Sather 1984, 1997; Warren a, 2000b;
21 Sather Sather 1997:
22 North Borneo Report of The Census 1891, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1953; Jones 1960; Anwar and Leong 1981; Malaysia Department of Statistics 1972, 1981, Malaysia Department of Statistics 1972, 1981,
23 Sather Sather 1997: ; Sather 1984, Sather 1997: Sather Sather 1997:
24 1999: 4 5 Sather Sather 1997: , ,684 Laporan Tahunan Perikanan Sabah 1992, 1993,
25 Laporan Tahunan Perikanan Sabah , ,000 3, ,000 6, Laporan Tahunan Perikanan Sabah ,
26 : A 2 50% S 11 9 Eucheuma sp S 521
27 31 4 2* S 20 H 35 ** % % [2] [10.0] [17] [9] [45.0] [2] [10.0] [1] [2.7] [1] [5.0] [1] [2.7] [2] [5.4] [1] [2.7] A [5] [13.5] B [3] [15.0] [6] [16.2] * ** 2 S bunsud H 17 H H 2 522
28 S S S B S H S
29 %
30 H Sather Sather 1984, 1997; m 525
31 m m 0.5 m RM 500 1,000 RM 5 10 m m m m motor 5m 3,000 RM 10 m 10,000 RM A 4 S S 22 86% H % H 31.4% 11 S 14% 3 H 526
32 小野 ボルネオ島サマ人による漁撈の 近代化 と 伝統 写真 1 写真 2 テンペルでの漁撈風景 2004 年 筆者撮影 家船として利用されるテンペル 2003 年 筆者撮影 527
33 国立民族学博物館研究報告 写真 3 写真 ボッゴの一例 2003 年 筆者撮影 クンピットで結婚式に向かう海サマ 2004 年 筆者撮影 31巻 4 号
34 4 S H & & % 14.0% 88.5% 31.4% % 5.0% 100% 23.5% % 33.0% 50.0% 50.0% % 0% % 33.3% 100% 54.5% % 0% % 0% 0% 0% S 1 2 H 100% S 95% S 100% 1 S 100% 529
35 % H 100% H 54.5% B % 5% 65% 70% 15% 155% km 530
36 H pombot ,000 RM 1,000 2,000 RM 1,000 2,000 RM 2,000 4,000 RM ,000 10,000 RM 8,000 20,000 RM 10,000 20,000 RM 40,000 70,000 RM A 6 S 18 90% H 26 74% S S 531
37 S H 9 39 hp 40 hp * 5 10 hp 9 39 hp 40 hp 5 10 hp % 25% 30% 90% 25.7% 31.4% 17.1% 74.3% % 9.0% 45.4% 100% 23.5% 29.4% 35.2% 88.2% % 133.3% 0% 166.7% 50% 100% 0% 150% % 0% 0% 33.3% % 0% 33% 66% 36.3% 36.3% 9.0% 81.8% % 0% 0% 0% % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% * 39 H S 100% H 88% 532
38 % 40 H 82% B * 1 * 2 * % 55% 5% 5% 35% 45% * 1 : 9 39 hp * 2 : 40 hp * 3 : 8 H
39 31 4 linggi 1 50 m RM RM RM RM tansi 5 10 RM 5 15 RM pana 3 6 RM A
40 S 90% H 95% 80 82% S 82% H 71% 8* S 20 27% 5% 81% 68% 45% 86% 11 27% 9% 90% 82% 45% 82% H 35 43% 0 81% 54% 18% 70% 17 38% 0 95% 71% 28% 80% * 1 S 27% H 38% H 28% S 45% S S B 9 70% 90% 55% 9* % 0% 70% 35% 10% 90% * 1 10% 35% 535
41 A maglinggi 2 3 amungsud 1 2 magkagon amissi 1 2 angullan anu 1 3 magbat anuwa magpana magbubu anahat animbak magt bba mag-agaragar
42 10 1 anakop 5 cm bunsud kelong m kagon
43 31 4 H S 6 bubu tayum,tehetehe bobohan lato Caulerpa lentillifera
44 m 500 m kg 1.6 RM 2.0 RM 100 kg 11 SerranideLutujanidae Haliotis sp.panulirus sp. Cheilinus undulates 1 kg 70 RM Cromileptes altivelis 1 kg 80 RMPlectropomus leoarudus 1 kg RM B
45 Amahang 2 3 Anakop 2 3 Binankad 3 10 amokot amissi 1 2 angalaway 2 5 angullan anu 1 3 magbat 1 3 ahiyak pahi anuwa bubu magpana anahat magalai anuwa 2 anuwa tuwa 540
46 S S
47 A H R 6 S 7 S 1 H 12 kg kg ** * 0.4* * 0.4 kg 15 ** 542
48 2 S H kg. 1.2 kg kg. 0.8 kg kg. 543
49 kg % kg. B H R 2 S 3 S 13 kg kg H kg kg kg kg. 544
50 1 2 kg kg H R 19 R R R R R R
51 14 H R kgkg A B C D E F G H I J * a ** b c * * 1 ** 15 1 S 11 H RM * 546
52 A R a 19 4 b c kg R R H R R H 1 kg 2 RM, 3 RM, 5 RM % 4.5 RM 1 kg 2.5 RM 1 kg 2 5 RM R 19 a 137 RM b 37.5 RM c 102 RM 1 29 RM R 547
53 kg 1 Siganidae bawis RM 2 Lethrinidae ketambak RM 3 Carangidae daing poteh 96 5 RM 4 Scaridae ogos RM 5 Labridae bukan 83 3 RM 6 Nemipetridae kulisi 60 2 RM 7 Belonidae selo 40 2 RM 8 Serranidae kohapok RM 9 Mugilidae belanak 22 5 RM 10 Lutjanidae daing keyat RM 11 Mulidae timbungan RM 12 Portunidae kagon RM 13 Pomacentridae tibuk 7 2 RM 14 Echinoidea bat RM 15 Balistidae tombad 2 3 RM 15 Rajiforms Pahi, kihanpaw RM 17 Haemuridae leppe 1 3 RM 17 Diodontidae buntal 1 2 RM 17 Palinuridea Keyot batu RM 17 Sepiida, Teuthida Kanuus, kalabutan RM 1 15 S 700 RM 588 RM H 573 RM 390 RM H R 29 RM RM H 1 548
54 RM RM 390 RM H 573 RM 180 RM S RM S S 588 RM H 200 RM S B R 2 10 R kg R H R 549
55 A C R A RM B C RM 1 83 RM 17 R A RM 78.5 RM B RM 90.2 RM C RM 80.5 RM R A B C A 19 R 19 A 11 58% A 550
56 58% RM ,494 RM 1,000 RM A 1 1,000 RM H H S 607 RM RM 475 RM kg 551
57 RM S S S H 1 1 S 185 g 223 kcal 198 g 238 kcalh 192 g 231 kcal S 53.7 RM 0 RM H 12 RM S S 552
58 18 S 14 * H kcal RM kcal RM kcal RM * ; Ono g 488 kcal 125 g 428 kcal H g 351 kcal S 1 29 g 104 kcal 1 kg 2 RM 2 3 RM 553
59 R 8 H 7 R 2 S 3 3 jalmin jalminan Kutua Kampung KK Jawatankuasa Kemajutan dan Keselamatan Kampung JKK S 2 1 JKK 1 JKK 22 jalminan jalminan 554
60 S H R R R 1,000 RM R taukeh R H R R R R R R R 555
61 ; 1977; Kuchikura a, 2001b e.g. Akimichi 1978; 1995; Masse 1990; 1975; Spoehr 1980; 2006; , % Ono 2003, 2004; 2001,
62 6.2 S 57% H 54% % S 27% H 38% 43 9 H R kg. 1.6 kg. 557
63 31 4 S 68% H 54% S H kg H 31.4% 11 H 8% 3 5.7% b:
64 :
65 kg kg 1 10 kg 1 30 kg 3 jalmin S 560
66 1979: 22 R 1,000 RM 561
67 : jalmin
68 S
69 Sather 1970 Sather 1997:
70 Sather Sather 1984, Hornell Hornell 1950 Anell Anell 1955 Firth Firth , 1997Sather 1984, 1997 Spoehr Ushijima and Zayas 1994 Akimichi and Supriadi
71 Szanton a, 2000b, Szanton ; 2000a; 1998; Warren Warren Stone 1962; Warren Treacher Warren 1971: Sather , Nimmo e.g. 1968, 1972, Sather e.g. 1984, , , 1996, Casino a, 2000b, , pagmunda munda 566
72 Sather 1984 pagmunda Laporan Tahunan Perikanan Sabah S a 25 (1): b 40 (2): pp , Akimichi, T The Ecological Aspect of Lau (Solomon Islands) Ethnoichthylogy. Journal of Polynesian Society 87 (4): Akimichi, T. and D. Surpriadi 1996 Marine Resources Use in the Bajo of North Sulawesi and Maluku, Indonesia. In Akimichi, T. (ed.) Coastal Foragers in Transition, pp Senri: National Museum of Ethnology. Anell, B Contribution to the History of Fishing in the Southern Seas. Studid Ethnographica Upsaliensia 9. Anwar S. and C. Leong 1981 Commemorative history of Sabah, Kota Kinabalu: Sabah State Govt., Centenary Publications Committee. 567
73 (4): (5): 2 29 Bellwood, P Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago. Revised Edition. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Casino, E The Jarna Mapun: A Changing Samal Society in the Southern Philippines. Manila Ateneo de Manila University Press. Firth, R Malay Fishermen: Their Peasant Economy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd ASEAN Hobsbawm, E. and T. O. Roger (eds.) 1983 The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hornell, J Fishing in Many Waters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press pp , 2001a 57: b 26 (1): (3): : Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia 1999 Buku Tahunan Perangkaan Kotakinabalu: Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. Jones, L. W North Borneo, Census of Population Taken on 10th August, Kuching: Government Printing Office (3): Kurais, M Boat Building of the Sama. Mindanao Journal 1 (4): : Kuchikura, Y An Ecological Approach to the Fishing Activity System of a Coral Island Community in Okinawa. The Journal of Human Ergology 3: (2):
74 Laarhoven, R Lords of the Great River: The Magindanao Port and Polity during the 17 th Century. In J. Katherithamby-Wells, and J. Villiers (eds.) The Southeast Asian Port and Polity: Rise and Demise, pp Singapore, Singapore University Press Malaysia, Department of Statistics 1972 Laporan Am Banci Penduduk Kuala Lumpur: Department of Statistics, Malaysia Laporan Am Banci Penduduk Kuala Lumpur: Department of Statistics, Malaysia Laporan Am Banci Penduduk Kuala Lumpur: Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Masse, W. B The Archaeology and Ecology of Fishing in the Belau Islands, Micronesia. Ph.D. Thesis, Southern Illinois University t bba 35 (2): : pp , : (1): Nimmo, H. A Reflections on Bajau History. Philippine Studies 16 (1): The Sea People of Sulu. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Company Recent Population Movements in the Sulu Archipelago: Implications to Sama Cultural History. Archipel 32: (7): North Borneo 1891 A Report on the Census of Population Held. London A Report on the Census of Population Held. London A Report on the Census of Population Held. London A Report on the Census of Population Held. London A Report on the Census of Population Held on 4th June, London Ono, R Prehistoric Austronesian Fishing Strategies: A Tentative Comparison between Island Southeast Asia and Lapita Cultural Complex. Sand, C. (ed.) Pacific Archaeology: Assessments and Prospects, pp Noumea: Musees et du Patrimoine de Nouvelle-Caledonie Prehistoric Fishing at Bukit Tengkorak, East Coast of Borneo Island. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 24: Ethnoarchaeolosy of Pottery Stove Production and Use among the Sama, East Coast of Borneo. People and Culture in Oceania 22:
75 : : pp , Pallsen, K Culture Contact and Language Convergence. Linguistic Society of the Philippines, Monograph Series, No. 24, Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines. Sather, C Sea and Shore People: Ethnicity and Ethnic Interaction in Southern Sabah. Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography 3: The Bajau Laut: Adaptation, History and the Fate in a Maritime Fishing Society of Southeastern Sabah. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Spoehr, A Protein from the Sea: Technological Change in Philippine Capture Fisheries. Ethnology Monographs No. 3. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh (3): Stone, R. L Intergroup Relations among the Taosug, Samal and Badjaw of Sulu. Philippine Sociological Review 10 (3-4): pp , Szanton, M A Right to Survive: Subsistence Marketing in a Lowland Philippine Town. University Park and London: The Pennsylvania State University Press Estancia in Transition: Economic Growth in a Rural Philippine Community. Manila: Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University pp , 1996 pp , 1977 pp , 1997 pp , : (1):
76 : (4): (1): Ushijima, I. and C. N. Zayas ed Fishers of the Visayas. Quezon City: University of the Philippine Press. Warren, F The North Borneo Chartered Company s Administration of the Bajau, Center for International Studies, Southeast Asia Series, No. 22. Athens: Ohio University Press The Sulu Zone : The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. Singapore: Singapore University Press (3): : Laporan Tahunan Perikanan Sabah Kotakinabalu: Jabatan Perikanan Sabah, Laporan Tahunan Perikanan Sabah Kotakinabalu: Jabatan Perikanan Sabah,
77 S , /50 hp , hp , hp hp hp , /9.8 hp /8 hp , hp hp , /115 hp hp hp hp H hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp /40 hp /40 hp hp hp
78 hp , , hp hp hp , hp , hp , hp hp hp , hp , /40 hp hp hp hp , hp , hp hp hp hp hp hp , hp
79 2 R /24 6/29 11/ H amissi 1 9: H amissi 1 9: H maglinggi H amissi 1 10: H amissi 1 10: H maglinggi 2 8? H maglinggi 2 9: H maglinggi 2 5: H maglinggi 3 5: H maglinggi 2 5: H maglinggi 2 5: H amissi 1 6: H maglinggi H maglinggi H maglinggi H maglinggi H maglinggi H maglinggi 2 0: H maglinggi 2 0: H maglinggi 2 0: H maglinggi 2 5: H maglinggi 2 5: H amissi 1 6: H amissi 1 6: H maglinggi H maglinggi 2 5: H amissi 1 6: H maglinggi 1 6: H maglinggi 2 6: H maglinggi 2 6: H maglinggi 2 6: H maglinggi 1 5: H maglinggi 2 5: H maglinggi 2 5: H maglinggi 2 5:00 0, H maglinggi 2 6: H maglinggi 2 4: H maglinggi 1 4:
80 h kg 19: : : : : : kg 2 kg 21: : : : : : : : kg 4 kg 11: : : kg 6: kg 10 kg 6: kg 5 kg 13: kg 3 kg 13: : : : : kg 3 kg 13: kg 12 kg 20 kg 18: : : : kg 16 kg 15: : : : : : : :
81 H maglinggi 2 4: H maglinggi 2 4: H maglinggi 2 4: H maglinggi 2 4: H maglinggi 2 4: H maglinggi H maglinggi H amissi 1 9: H maglinggi 2 9: H maglinggi 2 9: H maglinggi 2 8: H maglinggi 2 8: H maglinggi 1 8: H maglinggi 2 8: H maglinggi 2 7: H maglinggi 2 7: H magpana 1 6: H maglinggi 2 7: H amissi 1 7: H maglinggi 2 10? H amissi 1 5: H amissi 1 5: H maglinggi 2 5: H amissi 2 5: H amissi 1 5: H maglinggi 2 5: H maglinggi 2 5: H amissi 1 5: H maglinggi 2 5: H maglinggi 2 18: H maglinggi 2 6: H amissi 1 6: H amissi 1 6: H amissi 1 6:
82 h kg 16: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : kg 12 kg 12: : : : : : : kg 12 kg 9 kg 6 kg 13: : kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 5: : : : :
83 S magt bba 3 9: : S magt bba 1 9: : S magt bba 1 10: : S magt bba 3 10: :00 14: S anu 1 22: : S anu 1 20: : S amissi 1 7:00 3 7: S amissi 2 7:00 3 7: M magkagon 1 5: :30 7: M magkagon 1 5: :10 7: M magkagon 1 6: :30 7: M magkagon 1 6: :25 6: A S magt bba 4 8: :30 8: S anu 2 20: : S mag-palang 1 20: : S magt bba 2 10: : S amissi 1 20: :15 23:15 B C S magpana 1 15: : S magpana 1 11: : S amissi 5 7: :00 9:40 12: S magpana 1 13: : S magalemak 4 8:10 1 9:15 11:00 13: S magpana 1 11: : S magpana 1 11: : M magkagon 1 6: : M magkagon 1 6: : M magkagon 1 6: : S magalemak 3 9: :55 10:40 12: H maglinggi 2 5: :15 13:00 578
84 h kg 10: : : : : : : : : : : : h kg 11:45 12: :15 22: :00 22: :00 14: :00:00 24:20: :50 18: :30 15: :45 13: :00 15: :20 15: :50 14: :15 16: :10 7: :40 7: :50 7: :20 14: :15 14:
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