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2 4 = BPS ( ) 26 6 U(N C ), N F /2 BPS 31 8 Conclusion 36 2
3 1 1.1 GeV SU(3) SU(2) U(1): W ±, Z 1. ( ) 2. W ±, Z 0 (1983), W, Z 1983 CERN 3
4 SLAC, BNL SLAC FNAL FNAL 3 Z 3 CP B Cabibbo LHC 1. 4
5 2. ( ) : ( ) ( )
6 2. + Kamiokande, SuperKamiokande, Kamland, 1. ( ) ( + + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. 6
7 ( ) ( ) 3. ( ) LHC=Large Hadron Collider 2007 CERN 7TeV 7TeV ( 7 ) : Atlas, CMS, LHCb, Allice, 7
8 : : ( ) M GUT c GeV (1.1) 2. 8
9 ( ) M W c GeV (1.2) M GUT c GeV M 2 W /M 2 GUT (1.3) V (r) = G N m 1 m 2 r (1.4) G N M P c 2 c c 2 = GeV (1.5) G N ( ) ( ) M 2 W /M 2 P (1.6) 9
10 M W = 1. 1/2 2. ( ) (, ) 10
11 2 2.1 (Technocolor) TeV 11
12 L. Susskind,Phys. Rev.D20 (1979) 2619; S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev.D19 (1979) 1277; D13 (1976) 974; S. Dimopoulos, and L. Susskind,Nucl. Phys. B155 (1979) 237; 2.2 ( ) 0 : m B m B = m F 1 2 : m F m F = 0 S.Dimopoulos, H.Georgi, Nucl.Phys.B193 (1981) 150; N.Sakai, Z.f.Phys.C11 (1981) 153; E.Witten, Nucl.Phys.B188 (1981) 513; 0 12
13 ( ) (MSSM) MSSM 2.3 = 4 (4 + n) ( ) n 2πR 1 M 1 M 2 V 4+n (r) = (M (4+n) ) 2+n r 1 M 1 M 2, for r R 1+n (M (4+n) ) 2+n R n r M 2 P = (M (n+4)) 2+n R 1 R n ( c ) n M (4+n) M P GeV P.Horava and E.Witten, Nucl.Phys.B475, 94 (1996); N.Arkani-Hamed, SDimopoulos, G.Dvali, Phys.Lett.B429 (1998) 263 ; I.Antoniadis, N.Arkani-Hamed, S.Dimopoulos, G.Dvali, 13
14 3 Phys.Lett.B436 (1998) 257; Randall, Sundrum, Phys.Rev.Lett.83 (1999) 3370; 4690; 1. H 1, H 2 ( ) (a) 4 3 = 1 ( 2 H 3 W ±, Z ) h (b) 8 3 = 5 (H 1, H 2 3 W ±, Z ) (h, H, A) (H +, H ) 2. Lightest Supersymmetric Particle R R R 14
15 LSP 3. fine tuning (a) (b) 4. 15
16 1 U(1), SU(2), SU(3) α i = gi 2 /4π, (i = 1, 2, 3) 1: ( ) ( ) α i = gi 2 /4π, (i = 1, 2, 3) U(1), SU(2), SU(3) 16
17 5. 150GeV 4 m h m Z K. Inoue, A. Kakuto, H. Komatsu, and S. Takeshita, Prog. Theor. Phys. 67 (1982) GeV Y. Okada, M. Yamaguchi and T. Yanagida, Prog. Theor. Phys. 85 (1991) 1; H. E. Haber and R. Hempfling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 1815; J. R. Ellis, G. Ridolfi and F. Zwirner, Phys. 17 Lett. B257 (1991) 83.
18 : (sequestering) 4 = 4.1 N.Arkani-Hamed, SDimopoulos, G.Dvali, Phys.Lett.B429 (1998) 263 ; Kehagias,Sfetsos, Phys.Lett.B472 (2000) 39; 4 M c V (4) (r) G N M 1 (4.1) r c 1.61 c cm, GeV/c 2. (4.2) G N GN r 200µm (4.3) 18
19 4 V (4) (r) = G N M 1 r = M c 1 (M (4) ) 2 r. (4.4) 4 + n V (4+n) (r) = G 4+n M 1 (4.5) r n n n R V (4+n) (r) G 4+n M 1 m 1,,m n [r 2 + n i=1 (2πR (4.6) im i ) 2 ] 1+n 2 M (4+n) ( ) 1 n G n+4 = (M (4+n) ) 2+n c (4.7) c 4 + n ( ) V (4+n) 1 n (r) M (M (4+n) ) 2+n r 1+n c, r R i. (4.8) c 19
20 1 V (4+n) (r) M (M (4+n) ) 2+n = M 1 1 (M (4+n) ) 2+n R 1 R n r n vol(s n ) ( d n 1 m [r 2 + n i=1 (2πR c im i ) 2 ] 1+n 2 c vol(s n ( ) ) n c G N M 1 2 c r 1+n 2π 2 vol(s n ) = Γ( 1+n 2 ) (4.9) 4 G N = G 4+nvol(S n ) 2Π n i=1 (2πR i) G 4+n R 1 R n (4.10) M 2 P = (M (n+4)) 2+n R 1 R n ( c ) n (4.11) ) n 20
21 :, m e mr G 4+n M (4+n) TeV ( ) 2 (n 2) D = 6 TeV 21
22 4 TeV LHC 4.2 Randall, Sundrum, Phys.Rev.Lett.83 (1999) 3370; 4690; y 2πr c : y = y + 2πr c : y y ( ) y = πr c = ( ) (1 + d, d = 4) S = S bulk + S brane (4.12) S bulk = 1 d d+1 x G [ 12 ] κ R Λ (4.13) 2 d+1 22
23 S brane = 1 κ 2 d+1 d d+1 x G [ V 1 δ(y) V 2 δ(y πr c )] (4.14) R MN 1 2 G MNR = ΛG MN + g mn δ m M δn N [V 1δ(y) + V 2 δ(y πr c )] : (Warped metric) Randall-Sundrum ds 2 = e 2k y η µν dx µ dx ν + (dy) 2 (4.15) 2Λ 3Λ k = 6, V 1 = V 2 = (4.16) ( ) Randall-Sundrum 1. y = 0 y = πr c 23
24 2. y = 0 3. y = 0 1/r Randall-Sundrum ( ) 24
25 4.3 BPS = :,,... ( ) Landau-Ginzburg : U(1) φ L = 1 4e 2F µνf µν + D µ φ(d µ φ) λ ( φφ v 2) 2 (4.17) 4 : ( ) k = 1 d 2 x F 12 (4.18) 2π : = U(1) :, : λ < e 2 : (, ) 25
26 λ > e 2 : λ = e 2 : BPS BPS (SUSY) 5 ( ) ( ) : ( ) π 0 (M) 26
27 φ (λ > 0) L = µ φ µ φ λ(φ 2 v 2 ) 2 (5.1) : φ + v, φ v y = x 2 E = ( y φ) 2 + λ(φ 2 v 2 ) 2 = ( y φ + λ(φ 2 v 2 )) 2 + y [2 )] λ (v 2 φ φ3 3 [ dye 2 )] λ (v 2 φ φ3 3 Bogomol nyi-prasad-sommerfield (BPS) (5.2) Bogomol nyi, Sov.J.Nucl.Phys. 24 (1976) 449; Prasad and Sommerfield, Phys.Rev.Lett. 35 (1975) 760. BPS y φ + λ(φ 2 v 2 ) = 0 (5.3) 27
28 : φ = v tanh( λvy) (5.4) (a) BPS (b) dφ cl λv 2 dy = ( ) cosh 2 λvy References 28
29 y: 6 U(N C ), N F L = 1 2g 2Tr(F MN(W )F MN (W )) + 1 g 2Tr(DM ΣD M Σ) +Tr [ D M H(D M H) ] V (6.1) V = g2 [ (HH 4 Tr ) 2 ] c1 NC + Tr [ (ΣH HM)(ΣH HM) ] D M H i = ( M + iw M )H i, D M Σ = M Σ + i[w M, Σ] F MN (W ) = M W N N W M + i[w M, W N ] W M, Σ (N C N C ) U(N C ) g 29
30 : H ra H ra (N C N F matrix) (i = 1, 2 ; r = 1,, N C ; A = 1,, N F ), (M) A B m A δ A B : m A > m A+1 : U(1) N F 1 F : Σ 5 M, N, = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (8 SUSY) : A 1 A 2 A NC HH = c1 NC, ΣH HM = 0 (6.2) H ra = c δ A r A, Σ = diag(m A1,, m ANC ) (6.3) N : F! (N F N C )!N C! en F log(x x (1 x) (1 x)), x N C /N F : ( ),,, 30
31 2: A 1 A 2 A NC B 1 B 2 B NC. 7 1/2 BPS 1/2 BPS y x 4, 4 D W M y = 0 31
32 E [ E = Tr D y H ra 2] + Tr [ ΣH HM 2] + 1 ( g 2Tr (D y Σ) 2) + g2 [ (HH 4 Tr ) 2 ] c1 NC = Tr D y H + ΣH HM ( g 2Tr D y Σ g2 ( c1nc HH )) 2 + c y TrΣ (7.1) 2 1/2 BPS : γ 4 ε i = i(σ 3 ) i jε j D y H = ΣH + HM, D y Σ = g 2 ( c1 NC HH ) /2 (7.2) labeled by A 1 A 2 A NC B 1 B 2 B NC BPS + [ ] + Edy c Tr(Σ) = c BPS N C m Ak k=1 N C k=1 m Bk (7.3) 32
33 Σ + iw y S 1 (y) y S(y) S(y) GL(N C, C) BPS : H(y) = S 1 (y)h 0 e My H 0 N C N F BPS : Ω SS ( y Ω 1 y Ω ) = g 2 c ( ) 1 C Ω 1 Ω 0, Ω0 c 1 H 0 e 2My H 0 H 0 Ω(y) S(y) Σ, W y, H 1 y = ±, U(1) H 0 V - : (S NC 2 ) (S, H 0 ) (S, H 0 ) H = S 1 H 0 e My (Σ, W y ) S S = V S, H 0 H 0 = V H 0, V GL(N C, C) 33
34 3: A B C ( ) A,B ( ) BPS : M = {H 0 H 0 V H 0, V GL(N C, C)} G NF,N C SU(N F ) SU(N C ) SU(N F N C ) U(1) ( ) N C Ñ C N C (N F N C ) : 1,, N C Ñ C + 1,, N F (7.4) dim R M 1,,N C Ñ C +1,,N F N F,N C = 2N wall = 2N C Ñ C (7.5) M = M 1/1 + M 1/2 = M 0 M 1 M N CÑC (7.6) 34
35 H 0 : y 4:. U(1) : H 0 = (e r 1, e r 2,, e r N F ), H = S 1 H 0 e My = S 1 (e r 1+m 1 y,, e r N F +m NF y ) (7.7) i i + 1 Rer i + m i y Rer i+1 + m i+1 y Im(r i r i+1 ) : U(N C ) : Ñ C N F N C BPS (T w : ) L = T w + d 4 θk(φ, φ ) + (7.8) 35
36 K(φ, φ ) = dy [ c log detω + ctr ( Ω 0 Ω 1) + 1 ( 2g 2Tr Ω 1 y Ω ) ] 2 K (g ) : g 2 c/ m 1: Ω = Ω 0 c 1 H 0 e 2My H 0 (7.9) g 2 : (NLSM) 8 Conclusion Ω=Ω sol 36
37 6. 7. ( ) TeV ( )U(N C ) N F BPS 10. ( ) H 0 M NF,N C {H 0 H 0 V H 0, V GL(N C, C)} SU(N F ) G NF,N C SU(N C ) SU(Ñ C ) U(1) (8.1) 11. (g 2 ) ( ) 12. BPS 37
38 References of Solitons in 8 SUSY Theories Tokyo Tech Collaboration 1. Review Solitons in the Higgs Phase: Moduli matrix approach, hep-th/ , J. Phys. A 39 (2006) R , 2. Domain Walls in 5D Supersymmetric Theories Moduli space of BPS walls in supersymmetric gauge theories, hep-th/ , Com. Math. Phys. Global structure of moduli space for BPS walls, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.D71 (2005) , D-brane Construction for Non-Abelian Walls, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.D71, (2005), Non-Abelian Walls in Supersymmetric Gauge Theories, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.D70 (2004) , Construction of Non-Abelian Walls and Their Complete Moduli Space, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.Lett.93 (2004) , Exact Wall Solutions in 5-Dimensional SUSY QED, hep-th/ , JHEP 11 (2003) 060, 38
39 Massless Localized Vector Field on a Wall in Five Dimensions, hep-th/ , JHEP 11 (2003) 061, Vacua of Massive Hyper-Kähler Sigma Models with Non-Abelian Quotient, hep-th/ , Prog. Theor. Phys. 113 (2005) 657, Manifest Supersymmetry for BPS walls in N = 2 nonlinear sigma models,, hep-th/ , Nucl.Phys.B652 (2003) 35-71, BPS Wall in N = 2 SUSY Nonlinear Sigma Model with Eguchi-Hanson Manifold, hep-th/ , in Garden of Quanta - In honor of Hiroshi Ezawa, pages , 3. Vortex Non-Abelian Vortices on Cylinder Duality between vortices and walls, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.D73 (2006) , Moduli Space of Non-Abelian Vortices, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.Lett.96 (2006) , Effective Theory on Non-Abelian Vortices in Six Dimensions, hep-th/ , Nucl.Phys.B701, 247 (2004), 4. 1/4 BPS states Effective Action of Domain Wall Networks, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.D75 (2007) , Non-Abelian Webs of Walls, hep-th/ , Phys.Lett. B632 (2006) , 39
40 Webs of Domain Walls in Supersymmetric Gauge Theories, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.D72 (2005) , Monopoles, Vortices, Domain Walls and D-branes: The rules of Interaction, hep-th/ , JHEP 03 (2005) 019, Instantons in the Higgs Phase, hep-th/ , Phys. Rev. D72, (2005), All Exact Solutions of a 1/4 Bogomol nyi-prasad-sommerfield Equation, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.D71, (2005), Domain Wall Junction in N = 2 Supersymmetric QED in four dimensions, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.D68 (2003) , BPS Lumps and Their Intersections in N = 2 SUSY Nonlinear Sigma Models, hep-th/ , Grav.Cosmol.8 (2002) , 5. Non-BPS Walls and Supersymmetry Breaking Non-BPS Walls and their stability in 5D Supersymmetric Theory, hep-th/ , Nucl.Phys.B696 (2004) 3-35, 6. Effective Lagrangian Manifestly Supersymmetric Effective Lagrangians on BPS Solitons, hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.D73 (2006) , 7. Wall Solution in Supergravity Bogomol nyi-prasad-sommerfield Multiwalls in Five-Dimensional Supergravity, 40
41 hep-th/ , Phys.Rev.D69 (2004) , Wall solution with weak gravity limit in five-dimensional Supergravity, hep-th/ , Phys.Lett.B556 (2003) , Solitons in 8 SUSY Theories 1. Early works M. Cvetic, F. Quevedo and S. J. Rey, Phys.Rev.Lett.67, 1836 (1991) E. Abraham and P. K. Townsend, Phys.Lett.B 291, 85 (1992) M. Cvetic, S. Griffies and S. J. Rey, Nucl.Phys.B 381, 301 (1992) M. Cvetic, S. Griffies and H. H. Soleng, Phys.Rev.D 48, 2613 (1993) G. Dvali and M. Shifman, Phys.Lett.B396, 64 (1997) 2. Wall Solution in 8 SUSY Models J. P. Gauntlett, D. Tong, and P. K. Townsend, Phys.Rev.D63, (2001); J. P. Gauntlett, R. Portugues, D. Tong, P. K. Townsend, Phys.Rev.D63, (2001); J. P. Gauntlett, D. Tong, and P. K. Townsend, Phys.Rev.D64, (2001) R. Portugues, P. K. Townsend, JHEP , (2002) D. Tong, Phys.Rev.D66, (2002) The Moduli Space of BPS Domain Walls 41
42 M. Shifman and A. Yung, Phys.Rev.D67, (2003) D. Tong, JHEP 0304, 031 (2003) Mirror Mirror on the Wall M. Arai, E. Ivanov and J. Niederle, Nucl.Phys.B680, 23 (2004) M. Shifman and A. Yung, Phys.Rev.D70, (2004) 3. Monopoles in Higgs Phase D. Tong, Phys.Rev.D69, (2004) R. Auzzi, S. Bolognesi, J. Evslin, K. Konishi and A. Yung, Nucl.Phys.B673, 187 (2003) R. Auzzi, S. Bolognesi, J. Evslin and K. Konishi, Nucl.Phys.B 686, 119 (2004) M. Shifman and A. Yung, Phys.Rev.D 70, (2004) R. Auzzi, M. Shifman and A. Yung, JHEP 0502 (2005) Vortex A. Hanany and D. Tong, JHEP 0307, 037 (2003) R. Auzzi, S. Bolognesi, J. Evslin, K. Konishi and A. Yung, Nucl.Phys.B 673, 187 (2003) M. Shifman and A. Yung, Phys.Rev.D 70, (2004) A. Hanany and D. Tong, JHEP 0404, 066 (2004) A. Hanany and D. Tong, arxiv:hep-th/ ; M. A. C. Kneipp and P. Brockill, Phys.Rev.D 64, (2001) 42
43 M. A. C. Kneipp, Phys.Rev.D 68, (2003) ; Phys.Rev.D 69, (2004) 5. Brane construction R. Auzzi, S. Bolognesi and J. Evslin, JHEP 0502 (2005) Index theorem K. S. M. Lee, Phys.Rev.D 67, (2003) introduction 43
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7 7. ( ) SU() SU() 9 ( MeV) p 98.8 π + π 0 n 99.57 9.57 97.4 497.70 δm m 0.4%.% 0.% 0.8% π 9.57 4.96 Σ + Σ 0 Σ 89.6 9.46 K + K 0 49.67 (7.) p p = αp + βn, n n = γp + δn (7.a) [ ] p ψ ψ = Uψ, U = n [ α
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