23 Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi Vol. /,, No.2, -.1 -/. (,**/) 347 * * * ** * ** Relationship as Seen from Perspectives of Both Gender and Indi

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1 23 Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi Vol /,, No2, -1-/ (,**/) 347 * * * ** * ** Relationship as Seen from Perspectives of Both Gender and Individual Personality to the Subjective Comfortable Feeling for the Taste and Smell of Chocolate Yuko Tsunetsugu, Hiroaki Ashitani*, Machiko Shimada*, Tatsuya Kamiwaki*, Takeshi Morikawa, Takaya Kojima** and Yoshifumi Miyazaki Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, + Matsunosato, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki -*/2021 * Lotte Co, Ltd Central Laboratory, -++ Numakage, Saitama-shi, Saitama --020*+ ** Building Research Institute, + Tachihara, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki -*/*2*, The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between individual personality and the subjective comfortable feeling caused by tasting chocolate Seventeen male subjects (,+,/0 years old) and seventeen female subjects (,-1-+0 years old) took the personality tests (Japanese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the brief questionnaire for detection of type A tendency, and the Japanese version of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)) and tasted five di#erent kinds of chocolate, which were : +) milk chocolate (MK),) chocolate with additional sweetener (SW), -) chocolate with additional theobromine (BT) ) chocolate with additional citric acid (SC) /) chocolate with extract of oak wood (OK) The subjective comfortable feeling was measured by using a scale with +- divisions, with the adjective pair of "very comfortable and "very uncomfortable on each end Control (CT) was conducted by not asking the person to taste anything The results were as follows : In the female subjects, +) The comfortable feeling was significantly higher than that of the male subjects, especially in BT,) The masculinity and the femininity had significant positive e#ects on the comfortable feeling In the male subjects, +) The type A tendency had a significant positive e#ect and the trait-anxiety had a significant negative e#ect on the comfortable feeling By investigating the relationship between personality and comfortable feeling in each kind of chocolate, +) The femininity of the male subjects and the comfortable feeling of OK, and,) The masculinity of the female subjects and the comfortable feelings of OK and SW showed significant correlation It is considered useful to investigate people s personalities when discussing individual di#erences in chocolate preference (Received Jan,+,,**/ ; Accepted May,/,,**/) Hough + -*/ * --020*+ -++ ** -*/*2*, + Corresponding author yukot@#pria#rcgojp Wansink, + *** -

2 348 /, 2,**/ 2 24 / 0 A * A - A ++ / - +1,+,/0 +1,-1-+0 A STAI, A BSRI,*, /* /* lx / -* *, g,* 3* +- + MK, * SW - */ BT */ SC /, -,/ * OK /,/ + CT,* STAI,* 2* /,-, -,, /, / / /- // A A * -* A +1 A +0 B A BSRI,* +* 0/, -*1 -/ / 3, , *, CT

3 25 : 349 Table + Result of ANOVA on comfortable feeling caused by tasting five kinds of chocolates Kinds of Chocolate Gender Chocolate* Gender + +0* /04*, *** +4** * /*,4,11 24* *4*0-- *4**/*** *4+-21 The scores for comfortable feeling were calculated as the di#erence from the value of the control4 The main e#ects of the gender were significant, but the main e#ect of the kinds of chocolate and the interaction e#ect of the kinds of chocolate and gender were not significant4 Control was conducted by not taking anything4 ** : p*4*+ CT Tukey-Kramer, t CT SAS institute StatView for Windows ver /* / + Table + CT + Fig + Fig, CT SW OK Tukey-Kramer SW SC / Fig - CT BT + t--/0 -, OK t,*,* -, p**0 Fig + "Comfortable feeling by the subjects gender when intaking *, g of chocolates with di#erent taste and smell MeanSE, ** : p**+, Female : N+1, Male:N+1 The scores for "comfortable feeling were calculated as the di#erence from the value of the control The mean value of the comfortable feeling of the female subjects was significantly higher than that of the male subjects N+1 CT Table, A R, */,- A *1/ *-** / Table - N+1 CT Table A p* 1,2 R, */+2 *,*3 *+13 + / Table /

4 350 /, 2,**/ 2 26 Fig, "Comfortable feeling when intaking *, g of chocolates with di#erent taste and smell MeanSE, * : p**/ MK : milk chocolate, SW : with additional sweetener, BT : with additional bitter taste, SC : with additional citric acid, OK : with extract of oak wood The scores for "comfortable feeling were calculated as the di#erence from the value of the control SW was evaluated as significantly comfortable compared to SC / + Fig / Fig - "Comfortable feeling by the kinds of chocolate and the subjects gender when intaking *, gof chocolates with di#erent taste and smell MeanSE, ** : p**+, Female : N+1, Male:N+1 The scores for "comfortable feeling were calculated as the di#erence from the value of the control The mean value of the comfortable feeling of the female subjects was significantly higher than that of the male subjects when intaking BT OK / Fig OK SW A Table - Fig 0 N0 N ++ + t-+2, 2-3 Table / Fig 1

5 27 : 351 : N+* N1 : N+* N1 + t,10 t,32/ 2- BSRI : : : : : : : : N/ Fig 2 N Table, Result of ANOVA on comfortable feeling of the male subjects caused by tasting five kinds of chocolates Kind of Chocolate Subject /3,1, /4-0/ +14*+,,4011 / / *4***/** 4***+** The main e#ects of the kind of chocolate and subject were significant4 ** : p*4*+ Table - ANOVA Result of multiple regression analysis on the e#ect of personality traits on inter-subject variability of comfortable feeling of the male subjects Regression +, +,41 +,341, -/40+, +*42+, -4,3 *4*3* Total +0,1,4+23 Coe$cients Coe$cients Std4 Error t-value p-value Constant Masculinity Femininity Type A tendency Trait-anxiety /4/0- *4+/ *4+/0 *41/ *4-** ++4/ *4*1- *4*21 *4+20 *4+,* *43*,4+,* +413*,4//*,4/+* *40-0 *4*/0 *4*33 *4*,0* *4*,1* The coe$cient of multiple determination R, was *4/,-4 Type A tendency and traitanxiety were found to have a significant e#ect on the comfortable feeling of the male subjects4 The partial regression coe$cient for type A tendency was *41/ and that for trait-anxiety was o*4-**4 *:p*4*/ Table Result of ANOVA on comfortable feeling of the female subjects caused by tasting five kinds of chocolates Kind of Chocolate Subject /-,,+4/ , ,411* -4,0 /4*** *4*+-* 4***+** The main e#ects of the kind of chocolate and subject were significant4 *:p*4*/, **:p*4*+

6 352 /, 2,**/ 2 28 Table / ANOVA Result of multiple regression analysis on the e#ect of personality traits on inter-subject variability of comfortable feeling of the female subjects Regression Total * +*042-0,,+4/10-24,1 24,+2 40/ *4*,** Coe$cients Coe$cients Std4 Error t-value p-value Constant Masculinity Femininity Trait-anxiety -4,* -4,/*,4/* +41/*,4,- *4,*3 *4+13 *4+3+ +,4-/, *4*0 *4*1- *4+*3 *4**/** *4**0** *4*,3* *4+*- The coe$cient of multiple determination R, was *4/+24 Type A tendency was considered to be not significant and excluded from the regression model4 Masculinity and femininity were found to have significant e#ect on the comfortable feeling of the female subjects4 The partial regression coe$cient for masculinity was *4,*3 and that for femininity was *4+134 *:p*4*/, **:p*4*+ Fig Relationship between the scores of femininity and "comfortable feeling when intaking *, g of chocolate with the extract of oak wood *:p**/, Male subjects, N+1 Correlation between the comfortable feeling and femininity was significant - + t Fig / OK, SW MK r*1- p**/ / +, A -

7 29 : 353 Fig / Relationship between the scores of masculinity and "comfortable feeling when intaking *, g of chocolates with the extract of oak wood and additional sweetener *:p**/, **:p**+, Female subjects, N+1 The correlation between comfortable feeling and masculinity was significant Fig 0 "Comfortable feeling by dividing the male subjects into two groups by the scores of trait-anxiety in the STAI when intaking *, g of chocolates with di#erent taste and smell MeanSD, ** : p**+ Anxiety-absent : N++, High-anxiety : N0 The mean value of the comfortable feeling of the high-anxiety subjects was significantly lower than that of the anxiety-absent subjects Fig 2 "Comfortable feeling by dividing the female subjects by the scores of masculinity and femininity in the BSRI when intaking *, gof chocolates with di#erent taste and smell MeanSD, ** : p**+ Androgyny : N/, Undi#erentiated : N- The "Androgyny group consists of the subjects with high scores both in masculinity and femininity, and the "Undi#erentiated group consists of those with low scores both in masculinity and femininity The mean value of the "androgyny group was significantly higher than that of the "undi#erentiated group Fig 1 "Comfortable feeling by dividing the female subjects by the scores of masculinity or femininity in the BSRI when intaking *, g of chocolates with di#erent taste and smell MeanSD, ** : p**+ High-masculinity : N+*, Low-masculinity : N1 High-femininity : N+*, Low-femininity : N1 The mean value of the comfortable feeling of high-masculinity subjects was significantly higher than that of low-masculinity subjects Also, the mean value of the comfortable feeling of high-femininity subjects was significantly higher than that of low-femininity subjects

8 354 /, 2,**/ Hough, G, Sanchez, R, Barbieri, T and Martinez, E, Sensory optimization of a powdered chocolate milk formula Food Qual Prefer, 2,,+-,,+ +331, Wansink, B, Cheney, MM and Chan, N, Exploring comfort food preferences across age and gender Physiol Behav, 13, 1-311,**- -,** pp *+,** Dess, NK and Edelheit, D, The bitter with the sweet : the taste/stress/temperament nexus Biol Psychol, 2, +* / Polivy, J, Herman, CP and McFarlane, T, E#ects of anxiety on eating : does palatability moderate distressinduced overeating in dieters? J Abnorm Psychol, +*-, /*//+* STAI,, +*1++, +32, 1,/,31-*0 +32/ 2 -BSRI * A 2,/3,0+,**- +* - 3 pp /, /-,**- ++ Plomin, R, How much does heredity a#ect behavior? In Nature and nurture : an introduction to human behavioral genetics, (Wadsworth Publishing Co), pp 3* ,+ +1 /,/

18 Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi Vol. /., No.+, +2,/ (,**1) 18 * * * * * E#ect of Fat Type and Content on Palatability of Chocolate Fumiko Iida

18 Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi Vol. /., No.+, +2,/ (,**1) 18 * * * * * E#ect of Fat Type and Content on Palatability of Chocolate Fumiko Iida, Mamiko Chida, Machiko Kasai*, Norimasa Sakanoshita*,