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1 2004 Confidece-Selector U099-4

2 Selector Selector Selector Selector Confidence-Selector Selector Selector SPECint95(train ) Combining 12KB 0.22% 24KB 0.31% % 4.0% (IPC) ( ) Selector

3 / Confidece-Selector Confidence-Selector Selector i

4 A 53 A.1 16KB A.2 8KB A.3 1KB B Combining 57 C (Combining-CS ) 59 D (Combining-CS ) 60 ii

5 1 (Taken) (NotTaken) 2bit (PHT: Pattern History Table) 1 [1,2,3,4,5] ( ) [3,6,7,8,9,10,11] Selector Selector [3] [6] Selector Combining [3] SPECint [37] Selector Selector 2 1 Selector Selector 1 1

6 2 3 4 Confidence-Selector 5 2

7 2 (Taken) (NotTaken) (Taken) (Taken) (NotTaken) (Taken) (NotTaken) ( ) (Taken) (Not- Taken) 2bit ( 2.1) (PHT:Pattern History Table) 2bit (Taken) (Taken) (BTB:Branch Target Buffer)[12] BTB (Taken) 3

8 2.1: 2bit 2.1 (PHT:Pattern History Table) Bimodal [1] 2 [2] gshare [3] Alloyed [4] Agree [5] Bimodal 2 gshare Alloyed Agree Bimodal [1] Bimodal 1981 Smith Bimodal (PHT) ( 2.2) 2.2: bimodal [1] 4

9 2 [2] 2 (2-level Adaptive Branch Predictor) 1993 Yeh (BHR, BHT: Branch History Register or Table) 1 (Taken) 1 (NotTaken) 0 ( ) 2 1 (PHT) Yeh BHR(BHT) PHT global per-address per-set 3 9 ( 2.1) [2] 2.3 global per-address 2 per-set ( ) GAg gshare [3] ( 2.4) gshare 2.1: 2 [2] BHT\PHT global per-address per-set glboal GAg GAp GAs per-address PAg PAp PAs per-set SAg SAp SAs 1 Register Table 2 PHT per-address Yeh [2] per-set 5

10 a) GAg b) GAs/GAp c) PAg/SAg d) PAp/SAp/PAs/SAs 2.3: 2 [2] 2.4: gshare [3] 6

11 Alloyed [4] Global Local Global (Taken) (NotTaken) Local (Taken) (NotTaken) Global Local 2000 Skadron Global Local (PHT) Alloyed [4]( 2.5) SimpleScalar 2.0/PISA[23] HydroScalar SPECint95 IBS[29] gnuchess Smith Unix-Utils[30] wolf SPLASH2[31] radiosity, volrend Cycle-Level 1 Instruction-Level 10 Alloyed 8KB GAs 23.1% 2.5: Alloyed [4] Agree [5] 1997 Sprangle BTB(Branch Target Buffer) Direction Bit Agree [5] Direction Bit BTB (Taken/NotTaken) Agree 7

12 2bit Direction Bit (Agree) (Disagree) ( 2.6) 2bit Direction Bit Agree Taken NotTaken (Taken) (NotTaken) Taken NotTaken 2bit Agree Direction Bit Direction Bit Disagree Agree Disagree Sprangle Sun 4mWorkstation SoSS SPECint95 gcc -O3 4K direct-mapped BTB Agree gshare Direction bit 1K gshare 8%(vortex) 2.6: Agree [5] 2bit 8

13 2.2 ( / ) [3,6,7,8,9,10,11] Combining [3] Comgining [3] Combining 1993 McFarling [3] Combining 2 1 Selector( ) ( 2.7) Selector 2bit Combining 2 SAg [2] gshare [3] Combining ( 4 ) 2.7: Combining [3](bimodal [1] gshare [3] ) 9

14 2.2.2 Bi-Mode [6] YAGS(Yet Another Global Scheme) [7] Bi-Mode [6] Bi-Mode 1997 Lee gshare ( Agree ) Bi-Mode, ChoicePHT TakenPHT NotTakenPHT 3 (PHT) ChoicePHT Bimodal [1] TakenPHT NotTakenPHT( DirectionPHT ) gshare [3] ChoicePHT Taken TakenPHT ChoicePHT NotTaken NotTakenPHT Taken TakenPHT NotTaken NotTakenPHT PHT ChoicePHT DirectionPHT PHT 2.8: Bi-Mode [6] 2003 Bi-Mode Bimode-Plus [15, 16] Bimode-Plus (Taken) (NotTaken) Taken NotTaken Bimode-Plus Bi-Mode ChoicePHT 2bit taken flag untaken flag 2 10

15 2bit taken flag untaken flag Plus 2BC Plus 2BC ChoicePHT 1bit (valid ) valid 2bit 2.9 (2BC ) 4 2bit (Plus ) 3 valid 3 0 (Taken) All Taken (NotTaken) All NotTaken valid 0 Plus Choice PHT (2BC ) Bimode Direction PHT 0 Plus Direction PHT 1 2BC Bimode Direction PHT SimAlpha[32] SPECint95 12KB Bi-Mode 14KB Bi-ModePlus 0.19% 2.9: BimodePlus [?] 2bit YAGS [7] Bi-Mode ChoicePHT DirectionPHT ChoicePHT 11

16 DirectionPHT 1998 Eden Bi-Mode YAGS(Yet Another Global Scheme) [7] YAGS Bi-Mode 3 PHT Bi-Mode DirectionPHT YAGS 1. ChoicePHT Taken NotTakenPHT (ChoicePHT NotTaken TakenPHT ) 2. NotTakenPHT NotTakenPHT ChoicePHT ( Taken ) Eden SPEC95(kernel trace 6 Context Switch) KB 6bit YAGS Bi-Mode [6] Gskewed [8] ghsare [3] [26] YAGS SimpleScalar[23] SPECint95(ref ) Bi-Mode [6] Combining [3] YAGS YAGS Skewed [8] WMBP(Weighted Majority Branch Predictor)[9] WMBP COLT(Combined Output Lookup Table) [10] Skewed COLT Skewed [8] Skewed 1997 Michaud Skewed 3 (PHT) ( 2.10) 3 12

17 3 1 2 Michaud 3 Gskewed 3 1 Enhanced Gskewed(Egskewed) IBS [29] Egskewed gshare [3] : Skewed [8] COLT [10] COLT 2002 Loh COLT ( 2.11) COLT (h bit) (a bit) (n bit) Vector of Mapping Tables(VMT) c-bit VMT (PHT) (Taken) (NotTaken) SimpleScalar 4.0 MASE/Alpha[24] SPECint2000(1 5 ) COLT 13

18 Bimodal [1] gshare [3] Bi-Mode [6] Egskewed [8] KB COLT Alloyed % COLT COLT 2.11: COLT ( [10]Fig.3 ) Branch Difference [11] Branch Difference [11] BDP 1999 Heil BDP BDP Backing Backing Rare Event (REP) (VHT: Value History Table) ( 2.12) Backing Value 3 PHT [38, 28] 14

19 History Rare Event REP Rare Event Backing Backing Heil SimpleScalar2.0[23] SPECint95 4 Backing Bi-Mode Bi-Mode KB 1% 2.12: BDP [11] 2.3 / 2.1,2.2 [13, 14,?] [17, 18, 19, 20] ( Taken NotTaken ) [21] SPECint95 90% Taken NotTaken 63% Taken NotTaken 4 compress, gcc, go, ijpeg, li 15

20 [13, 14,?] [13] [14] (BTB: Branch Target Buffer) BTB (Taken) Filtering [13] Filtering 1996 Chang Filtering BTB Direction Bit Direction Bit 0 Direction Bit Direction Bit 0 Direction Bit 2 [2] 2 Chang SPECint95 gshare [3] 2 16KB gshare 0.02% BTB [14] 2004 BTB (NotTaken) BTB NotTaken BTB SimpleScalar 3.0c/PISA[23] SPECint95(train ) 8KB gshare [3] 1.5% 1.5KB Bi-Mode [6] 0.4% [17] BPRU [18, 19, 20] 16

21 [17] 1999 Manne 2bit SBI(Selective Branch Inversion) ( 2.13) 2bit 2bit 0 Global XOR Manne SimpleScalar[23] SPECint95 Combining [3] Bi-Mode [6] 0.5% 2.13: SBI [17] [18, 19, 20] 2001 Juan BPRU(Branch Prediction Reversal Unit) (Reversal Table) Global 2bit ( 2.14) Tag 17

22 Juan SimpleScalar 3.0c/Alpha[23] SPECint2000 Alpha 21264[32] Combining BPRU 128KB 1% 2.14: BPRU ( [20] ) 18

23 2.4 / ( ) 19

24 2.2: 1 Bimodal[1] Smith % (ControlData ) 2 Yeh 1993 or GAs, PAs, SAs, 1KB PAs ( [2] (Michigan ) 9 (GAg, GAs, GAp, PAg, PAs, SPEC89 3 (int 2 fp 1 ) 96.3%), 16KB GAs ( 97.2%) 1% PAp, SAg, SAs, SAp) gshare[3] McFarling (WRL) 1993 XOR GAg(2 ) SPEC98 ( 1000 ) 1KB Bimodal 2.5% Alloyed[4] Skadron (Virginia ) 2000 PC SimpleScalar2.0/PISA SPECint95/IBS/Unix- 8KB GAs 23.1% Utils/SPLASH2 4 Agree[5] Sprangle 1997 BTB Direction SoSS 5 1K gshare 1 (Michigan ) Bit Direction Bit SPECint95 8% ( ) 1 2 ADVAN, SCI2, SINCOS, SORTST, GIBSON, TBLLNK 3 (int)eqntott, espresso, gcc, li (fp)doduc, fpppp, matrix300, spice2g6, tomcatv 4 IBS gnuchess, Unix-Utils wolf, SPLASH2 radiosity, volrend 5 Sun 4mWorkstation

25 2.3: Combining[3] McFarling 2 SPEC98 ( 1000 (WRL) ) Bi-Mode[6] Lee (Michigan ) Bimode- Plus[?] YAGS[7] Eden (Michigan ) Skewed[8] Michaud (irisa ) COLT[10] Loh (Yale ) BDP[11] Heil (Wisconsin ) 1 compress, gcc, go, ijpeg, li Selector Selector 2bit ( ) 2003 Taken NotTaken 1998 Bi-Mode DirectionPHT n 1999 (REP) ValueHistory REP REP UP gshare Bi-Mode Bi-Mode 2 SPECint95/IBS-Ultrix SimAlpha SPECint95 SPEC95 (kernel trace ) IBS-Ultrix Bimodal gshare 1KB gshare 1.0% (4KB gshare ) 6KB Bi-Mode 16KB gshare 14KB 12KB Bi-Mode 0.19% KB Bi-Mode, gskewed, gshare gshare SimpleScalar4.0MASE SPECint2000(1 5 ) KB Alloyed % gshare Bi-Mode SimpleScalar KB Bi-Mode SPECint95 1 1%

26 2.4: / Chang 1996 BTB Direction Bit 2 16KB gshare (Michigan ) 2bit SPECint % Filtering [13] BTB [14] Direction bit ( ) 2004 BTB NotTaken SBI[17] Manne (Compaq) BPRU [18]-[20] Juan (Catalunya ) bit bit SimpleScalar2.0/PISA SPECint95(train ) SimpleScalar SPECint95 SimpleScalar3.0c/Alpha SPECint2000 8KB gshare 1.5%, 1.5KB Bi-Mode 0.4% Combining Bi-Mode 0.5% Alpha21264 Combining 128KB 1%

27 3 2 (Taken) (NotTaken) (2bit ) Strongly Taken, Weakly Taken, Weakly NotTaken, Strongly NotTaken 4 ( 3.1) Strongly Taken WeaklyTaken Taken Strongly NotTaken Weakly NotTaken NotTaken 3.1: 2bit Strongly Taken Strongly Taken Weakly Taken Strongly Taken Taken ( Taken ) Strongly Taken Weakly Taken Taken ( Taken ) Strongly Taken Strongly Taken Strongly NotTaken Weakly Taken Strongly Taken Wekaly NotTaken 23

28 Strongly Taken Taken ( NotTaken ) Weakly Taken Weakly NotTaken NotTaken ( Taken ) Wekaly Taken Weakly Taken Weakly NotTaken 4 (Strongly/Weakly ) 3.1 SimpleScalar 3.0c/PISA[23] sim-bpred sim-bpred SPECint95(train ) gcc O2 -funroll-loops BTB(Branch Target Buffer) [14]( 2.3 ) BTB (NotTaken) PHT bimodal [1] SAg (2 )[2] gshare [3] 1KB 8KB 16KB 3 SAg 1.2KB 7.5KB 15.5KB 24

29 3.1: (100 ) (100 ) 099.go 5092stone9.in m88ksim Ctl.in gcc Amptjp.i 1, compress 1000 q li train.lsp ijpeg vigo.ppm 1, perl jumble.pl 2, vortex persons.250 2, : ( ) (KB) bimodal 1.0 PHT 1K 8.0 PHT 32K 16.0 PHT 64K gshare 1.0 PHT 1K 8.0 PHT 32K 16.0 PHT 64K SAg 1.2 PHT 2K, BHT 0.5K*11bit 7.5 PHT 16K, BHT 2K*14bit 15.5 PHT 32K, BHT 4K*15bit 25

30 3.2 Strongly Weakly ( A ) (Strongly Weakly ) 3.3 8KB 85% Strongly [36] Taken NotTaken ( ) Strongly Weakly Weakly Weakly 10% 25 40% 3 gshare SAg bimodal Weakly gshare SAg Strongly Weakly 30% gshare SAg Strongly Weakly gshare SAg gshare Weakly gshare bimodal SAg gshare Weakly gshare 26

31 3.2: 16KB 27

32 3.3: 8KB 28

33 3.4: 1KB 29

34 3.3: (%) (%) (%)( ) bimodal S W KB SAg S W gshare S W bimodal S W SAg S KB W gshare S W bimodal S W KB SAg S W gshare S W S:Strongly, W:Weakly 30

35 4 Confidece-Selector [3,6,7,8,9,10,11] Selector Selector [3] [6] ( 2.2 ) Selector Combining [3] SPECint [37] Selector Selector Selector 2 (Strongly) (Weakly) 1 Selector Selector 4.1 Confidence-Selector 3.2 bimodal [1] SAg [2] gshare [3] 1 31

36 Confidence-Selector Confidence-Selector Combining [3] Combining gshare [3] PC SAg(2 ) [2] SAg 2 [3] gshare Weakly ( 3.2 ) gshare Confidence-Selector Combining ( Combining- CS ) 4.1 gshare Strongly(Strongly Taken/Strongly Not-taken) gshare Strongly Taken Taken( ) Strongly Not-taken NotTaken( ) gshare Weakly (Weakly Taken / Weakly Not-taken) SAg SAg BHT PHT Combining-CS gshare 2 Selector Combining Selector Selector gshare SAg 4.1: Confidence-Selector Combining (Combining-CS ) 32

37 4.2 SimpleScalar 3.0c/PISA[23] sim-bpred sim-bpred SPECint95(train ) gcc O2 -funroll-loops BTB(Branch Target Buffer) [14]( ) BTB (NotTaken) 1.5KB 12KB 24KB gshare [3] Bi-Mode [6] SAg [2] gshare Combining [3] 4.1 Combining SAg Selector Combining ( B ) 12KB 24KB Combining 11.75KB 23KB 12KB 24KB 33

38 4.1: (PHT,BHT ) (KB) Gshare 1.0 PHT 1K 8.0 PHT 32K 16.0 PHT 64K BiMode 1.5 Choice/Taken/NotTakenPHT 2K 12 Choice/Taken/NotTakenPHT 16K 24 Choice/Taken/NotTakenPHT 32K Combining 1.5 SAg: PHT 1K, BHT 0.5K*8bit gsahre: 2K, Selector: 1K SAg: PHT16K, BHT 1K*14bit gshare: 16K, Selector: 8K 23 SAg: PHT16K, BHT 4K*14bit gshare: 32K, Selector: 16K 34

39 4.3 Confidence-Selector Combining (Combining-CS ) ( ) Combining-CS Selector Combining-CS Selector Combining Combining-CS (1.5KB 12KB 24KB) ( C ) Combining-CS gshare SAg gshare Combining-CS gshare gshare gshare 35

40 4.2: (PHT,BHT ) gshare SAg (KB) (KB) BHT PHT A 1.5 2K 1K * 6bit 1K 1.5-B K 0.5K * 10bit 1K 1.5-C 1.5 2K 2K * 3bit 1K 1.5-D 1.5 2K 0.5K * 8bit 2K 1.5-E 1.5 2K 1K * 4bit 2K 1.5-F K 0.25K * 10bit 2K 1.5-G 1.5 4K 0.5K * 4bit 1K A K 2K * 14bit 16K 12-B K 4K * 8bit 16K 12-C K 4K * 12bit 8K 12-D K 1K * 13bit 8K 12-E K 2K * 12bit 4K A K 4K * 15bit 32K 24-B K 8K * 12bit 16K 24-C K 2K * 14bit 16K 24-D K 4K * 8bit 16K 24-E K 4K * 12bit 8K 36

41 4.3: % (KB) (%) A B C D E F 8.39 *1.5-G A B C 6.33 *12-D 5.88 *12-E A B 5.76 *24-C 5.29 *24-D 5.37 * *gshare 37

42 4.3.2 Bi-Mode [6] Combining [3] Combining- CS(Confidece-Selector Combining) (%) 4.2 ( D ) Combining-CS Combining Bi-Mode (%) 4.4 Combining Bi-Mode Combining-CS Combining 1.5KB 0.06% 12KB 0.22% 24KB 0.31% Bi-Mode 1.5KB 0.02% 12KB 0.41% 24KB 0.50% (Selector ) Selector 124.m88ksim 129.compress ( Combining ) 129.compress 124.m88ksim Combining 3.2 SAg gshare ( 4.5) 1KB 124.m88ksim SAg 3.2 SAg gshare Strongly Weakly gshare Combining- CS gshare 124.m88ksim 129.compress gshare SAg gshare SAg SAg 099.go 126.gcc ( Bi-Mode ) 099.go 126.gcc Combining Bi-Mode (24KB 099.go ) 099.go 126.gcc gshare gshare Bi-Mode [6] 38

43 Combining-CS Bi-Mode 24KB 099.go Combining-CS 126.gcc +0.01% a) 1.5KB b) 12KB c) 24KB 4.2: 1.5KB, 12KB, 24KB Bi-Mode, Combining, Combining-CS (%) 39

44 4.4: Combining Bi-Mode (%) go m88ksim gcc compress li ijpeg perl vortex 1.5KB Combining Bi-Mode KB Combining Bi-Mode KB Combining Bi-Mode : SAg gshare (%)(124.m88ksim 129.compress) 124.m88ksim 129.compress 1KB 8KB 16KB 1KB 8KB 16KB SAg SAg gshare gshare

45 m88ksim 129.compress 2 gshare SAg SAg SAg Strongly SAg Weakly gshare SAg gshare BHR(Branch History Registor) Combining-CS-sag Combining-CS-sag SAg SAg 4.6 Combining-CS-sag 3 2 SAg (Combining-CS-sag1) SAg (Combining-CSsag2) li( ) Combining Combining-CS Combining-CS-sag m88ksim 129.compress gshare (Combining-CS ) SAg (Combining-CS-sag ) 130.li Combining-CS SAg gshare SAg Combining-CS-sag Combining m88ksim, 129.compres, 130.li 4.8 ( A.2 ) 130.li gshare Strongly Weakly gshare 124.m88ksim 129.compress SAg Strongly Weakly gshare SAg gshare 124.m88ksim 129.compress gshare SAg SAg 41

46 4.6: (PHT,BHT ) (KB) Combining SAg: PHT16K, BHT 1K*14bit gshare: 16K, Selector: 8K Comb-CS SAg: PHT8K, BHT 1K*13bit gshare: 32K Comb-CS-sag SAg: PHT16K, BHT 2K*14bit gshare: 16K Comb-CS-sag SAg: PHT16K, BHT 4K*12bit gshare: 8K Combining Combining-CS : Combining, Combining-CS, Combining-CS-sag1, 2 (%) 124.m88ksim 129.compress 130.li Combining Comb-CS Comb-CS-sag Comb-CS-sag

47 4.8: (%) (%) (%) (%)(8KB) 124.m88ksim bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W compress bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W li bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W S:Strongly, W:Weakly 43

48 4.3.4 Selector Combining Selector Confidence-Selector( ) Combining Combinig-CS SAg gshare Combining KB Selector Combining-CS gshare SAg gshare A:11.75KB B:23KB Combining ( 4.1 ) Combining-CS Selector A:9.75KB B:19KB Combining Combining-CS 4.9 Combining- CS Combining A(9.75KB) 0.18% B(19KB) 0.14% Combining A(11.68KB) 0.2% B(23.5KB) 0.3% ( ) Confidence-Selector Selector Selector SAg gshare Combining 099.go 130.li 134.perl A,B 0.16% Confidence-Selector Selector 4.9: SAg gshare (%) go m88ksim gcc compress li ijpeg perl vortex A:11.75KB Comb A:9.75KB Comb-CS B:23KB Comb B:19KB Comb-CS *Comb = Combining 44

49 4.4 Combining Confidence-Selector 24KB 0.3% 0.3% SPECint95(train ) Combining IPC Confidence-Selector 0.3% IPC IPC Cycle = N + Penalty Miss n IPC = N Cycle Cycle:, N:, Penalty:, Miss:, n: ( ) IPC % % IPC IPC % 4.0% IPC 4.3: 0.3% IPC (%) 45

50 4.5 Confidence-Selector Combining [3] ( Combining-CS ) gshare [3] Strongly gshare Weakly SAg [2] gshare Selector Selector Selector SimpleScalar 3.0d/PISA sim-bpred SPECint95(train) 11.68KB Combining-CS 11.75KB Combining 0.22% 23.5KB Combining-CS 23KB Combining 0.31% 46

51 5 Selector Selector Selector Selector Confidence-Selector 2 (Strongly) (Weakly) Selector Selector SimpleScalar 3.0d/PISA sim-bpred SPECint95(train) Combining 12KB 0.22% 24KB 0.31% % 4.0% (IPC) Confidence-Selector 47

52 48

53 [1] Smith J. E.: A Study of Branch Prediction Strategies, Proc. of 8th ISCA, pp (1981). [2] Yeh T. Y. and Patt Y. N.: A Comparison of Dynamic Branch Predictors that use Two Levels of Branch History, Proc. of 20th ISCA, pp (1993). [3] McFarling S.: Combining branch predictors, Technical Report TN-36, Digital Western Research Laboratory (1993). [4] Skadron K., Martonosi M. and Clark D. W.: A Taxonomy of Branch Mispredictions and Alloyed Prediction as a Robust Solution to Wrong-History Mispredictions, Proc. of 9th PACT, pp (2000). [5] Sprangle E., Chappell R. S. et al: The Agree Predictor: A Mechanism for Reducing Negative Branch History Interference, Proc. of 24th ISCA, pp (1997). [6] Lee C. C., Chen I. K. and Mudge T. N.: The Bi-Mode Branch Predictor, Proc. of MICRO-30, pp (1997). [7] Eden A. N. and Mudge T.N.: The YAGS Branch Prediction Scheme, Proc. of MICRO-31, pp (1998). [8] Michaud P., Seznec A. and Uhlig R.: Trading Conflict and Capacity Aliasing in Conditional Branch Predictors, Proc. of 24th ISCA, pp (1997). [9] Littlestone N. and Warmuth M. K.: The Weighted Majority Alogorithm, Information and Computation, Vol. 108, pp (1994). [10] Loh G. H. and Henry D. S.: Predicting Conditional Branches with Fusion-Based Hybrid Predictors, Proc. of 11th PACT, pp (2002). [11] Heil T.H., Smith Z. and Smith J. E.: Improving Branch Predictors by Correlating on Data Values, Proc. of MICRO-32, pp (1999). 49

54 [12] Lee J. K.F. and Smith A. J.: Branch Prediction Strategies and Branch Target Buffer Design, IEEE Computer, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp (1984). [13] Chang P. Y., Evers M. and Patt Y. N.: Improving Branch Prediction Accuracy by Reducing Pattern History Table Interference, Proc. of 5th PACT, pp (1996). [14], : BTB, ACS, Vol.45, No. SGI 11(ACS 7), pp (2004). [15] : Bimode-Plus, (CPSY2003), pp (2003). [16] : Bimode++, (2005-ARC-161), pp (2005). [17] Manne S. Klauser A. and Grunwald D.: Branch Prediction using Selective Branch Inversion, Proc. of 8th PACT, pp (1999). [18] Aragon J. L., Gonzalez J. et al.: Selective Branch Prediction Reversal by Correlating with Data Values and Control Flow, Proc. of ICCD 01, pp (2001). [19] Gonzalez J., Gonzalez A.: Control-Flow Speculation through Value Prediction, IEEE Trans. on Computers, Vol. 50, No. 21, pp (2001) [20] Aragon J. L., Gonzalez J., Garcia J. M. and Gonzalez A.: Confidence Estimation for Branch Prediction Reversal, Proc. of 8th HiPC, pp (2001). [21] Haungs M., Sallee P. and Farrens M.: Branch Transition Rate: A New Metric for Improved Branch Classification Analysis, Proc. of 6th HPCA, pp (2000). [22] M. Evers, S. J. Patel, R. S. Chappel, Y. N. Patt: An Analysis of Correlation and Predictability: What Makes Two-Level Branch Predictors Work, Proc. of 25th ISCA, pp (1998). [23] Burger D. and Austin T. M.: The SimpleScalar Tool Set, Version2.0, Technical report (1997). [24] Larson E., Chatterjee S. and Austin T.: MASE: A Novel Infrastructure for Detailed Microarchitecural Modeling, Proc. of ISPASS (2001). [25], :, (2002) 50

55 [26],, :, (2003-ARC-150), pp (2002). [27] Jimenez D. A. and Lin C.: Dynamic Branch Prediction with Perceptrons, Proceedings of the 7th HPCA, pp (2001). [28] Jimenez D. A. and Lin C.: Neural Methods for Dynamic Branch Prediction, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp (2002). [29] Uhlig R. et al.: Instruction Fetching: Coping with Code Bloat, Proc. of 22nd ISCA, pp (1995). [30] Smith M. D.: Support for Speculative Execution in High-Performance Processors, PhD Thesis, Stanford University (1992). [31] Woo S. C. et al.: The SPLASH-2 Programs: Characterization and Methodological Considerations, Proc. of 22th ISCA, pp (1995). [32] Kessler R. E., McLellan E. J. and Webb D. A.: Alpha21264,. [33] Skadron K., Ahuja P. S., Martonosi M. and Clark D. W.: Branch Prediction, Instruction-Window Size, and Cache Size: Performance Trade-Offs and Simulation Techniques, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 48, No. 11, pp (1999). [34] Juan T., Sanjeevan S. and Navarro J. J.: Dynamic History-Length Fitting: A Third Level of Adaptivity for Branch Prediction, Proc. of 25th ISCA, pp (1998). [35] M. Evers, S. J. Patel, R. S. Chappel and Y. N. Patt: An Analysis of Correlation and Predictability: What Makes Two-Level Branch Predictors Work, Proc. of 25th ISCA, pp (1998). [36] M. Haungs, P. Sallee and M. Farrens: Branch Transition Rate: A New Metric for Improved Branch Classification Analysis, in Proc. of HPCA-6, pp (2000) [37],, :, (2003-ARC-154), pp (2003). [38] Jimenez D. A. and Lin C.: Dynamic Branch Prediction with Perceptrons, Proceedings of the 7th HPCA, pp (2001). 51

56 [1],, :, (2003-ARC-154), pp (2003). [2],, :, (2005-ARC-161), pp (2005). [3],, : Confidence- Selector, (SACSIS) (ACS). 52

57 A (%) (%) (%) ( ) (%) A.1-A.3 ( 3.2 ) A.1 16KB A.2 8KB A.3 1KB 53

58 A.1: (%) (%) (%) (%)(16KB) 099.go bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W m88ksim bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W gcc bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W compress bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W li bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W ijpeg bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W perl bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W vortex bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W S:Strongly, W:Weakly 54

59 A.2: (%) (%) (%) (%)(8KB) 099.go bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W m88ksim bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W gcc bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W compress bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W li bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W ijpeg bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W perl bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W vortex bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W S:Strongly, W:Weakly 55

60 A.3: (%) (%) (%) (%)(1KB) 099.go bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W m88ksim bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W gcc bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W compress bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W li bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W ijpeg bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W perl bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W vortex bimodal S W SAg S W gshare S W S:Strongly, W:Weakly 56

61 B Combining SAg gshare Combining 1.5KB, 12KB, 24KB ( 4.2 ) B.1 B.2 1.5KB-A 12KB-B 24KB-C B.1: Combining (PHT,BHT ) Selector gshare SAg (KB) (KB) BHT PHT A 1.5 1K 2K 0.5K * 8bit 1K 1.5-B 1.5 1K 2K 0.5K * 4bit 2K 1.5-C 1.5 1K 2K 1K * 4bit 1K A K 16K 1K * 14bit 16K 12-B K 16K 2K * 13bit 8K 12-C K 16K 2K * 8bit 16K 12-D K 16K 4K * 8bit 8K A K 32K 4K * 14bit 16K 24-B K 32K 2K * 13bit 32K 57

62 B.2: Combining (%) go m88ksim gcc compress li ijpeg perl vortex 1.5KB 1.5-A B C KB 12-A B C D KB 24-A B

63 C (Combining-CS ) Confidence-Selector Combining (Combining-CS ) ( ) C.1: (%) go m88ksim gcc compress li ijpeg perl vortex 1.5KB-A KB-B KB-C KB-D KB-E KB-F KB-G KB-A KB-B KB-C KB-D KB-E KB-A KB-B KB-C KB-D KB-E *gshare 59

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