21 1 1 Bilikozen & Akyel, 2014 Grabe 2009 p.14
22 Day & Bamford, 1998;, 2016; Mason, 2006; Mason & Krashen, 1997;, 2014; Nuttall, 1996; Robb & Kano, 2013 1 2. Grabe 1995 Day and Bamford 1998 Milliner and Cote 2014 graded readers GR Milliner and Cote Robb and Kano 2013 Moodle
23 Day and Bamford 1998, 2002 Robb, 2015 graded reader Kanda 2011 Kanda 2016 22 Bell 2001 Bell
24 1 2 3 3. 3.1 10 1 38 TOEIC 498.9 38 3.2 Xreading GR Extensive Reading Foundation Graded Reader Scale 500 3600 14 500 GR 11 GR GR GR WPM words per minute. 1 90
25 Xreading 4 7 9 9 12 1 2 1 4 1 10 6 Xreading 4 15 Xreading 6 1 Xreading 1 7,000 10 70,000 Nation 2009 15 20 30 Xreading GR 70,000 10 1 7000 GR 1 Xreading 24 3.3 3.3.1 Kanda 2013 3.3.2 10 50 10 4
26 300 3 Xreading WPM 4. 4.1 38 1 1 9 5 1 5,000 6,000 1 7,000 1 1 Month Mean SD 95% CI May 8222.2 5611.0 [6377.9, 10066.5] June 6226.1 4319.1 [4806.4, 7645.7] July 5103.0 4939.9 [3479.3, 6726.7] September 139.7 861.2 [-143.3, 422.8] October 5476.1 4830.6 [3888.3, 7063.8] November 6146.6 5034.5 [4491.7, 7801.4] December 5486.7 5357.4 [3725.8, 7247.6] January 6120.9 6463.4 [3996.4, 8245.3] Note: CI = Confidence Interval 3 3 4 9 1 9 3 9 3
27 2 4 3 1 3 2 38 3 3 2 1 : p May Jun. Jul. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. 4-cluster solution.018*.000*.030*.370.000*.009*.077.000* 3-cluster solution.007*.000*.013*.203.000*.019*.031*.011* 2-cluster solution.002*.017*.012*.375.132.005*.945.003* * p <.05 3 5 7 1 3 WPM 3 : 1, 2, 3 5, 7, 1 2 3 3 WPM May July January Cluster Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD 1 105.5 21.41 101.1 4.39 76.8 45.29 2 124.1 44.16 135.4 40.74 135.7 40.10 3 183.0 108.99 159.9 54.05 174.3 50.53 4.2 Xreading
28 4 Vocabulary Grammar Reading Xreading n Apr. Jan. Apr. Jan. Apr. Jan. 38 Mean 42.08 40.82 41.39 38.05 87.53 78.03 SD 4.778 6.413 6.127 6.920 10.697 13.282 38 Mean 43.68 39.87 41.68 37.63 87.42 79.53 SD 5.418 6.941 5.368 7.702 9.967 15.787 2 Xreading 2 : p =.002, 2 p =.13 : p <.001, 2 p =.19 : p <.001, 2 p =.21 4 3 5 : 1, 2, 3 : 4, 1 2 : F 1, 35 = 9.516, p =.004, 2 p =.21; : F 1, 35 = 13.673, p =.001, 2 p =.28 3 5 3 3 F 1, 35 = 3.279, p =.050, 2 p =.16 3 F 1, 8 = 5.020, p =.055, 2 p =.38 5 Vocabulary Grammar Reading n Apr. Jan. Apr. Jan. Apr. Jan. Cluster 1 12 Mean 41.92 38.50 39.83 37.33 84.75 77.83 SD 4.562 4.275 6.699 6.893 11.379 11.808 Cluster 2 17 Mean 42.59 40.76 41.53 38.06 88.77 77.82 SD 5.535 7.878 5.669 8.004 10.663 14.968 Cluster 3 9 Mean 41.33 44.00 43.22 39.00 88.89 78.67 SD 3.808 4.637 6.340 5.123 10.337 13.248
29 5. Xreading 38 3 6 3 1 6 Cluster 1 n = 12 Cluster 2 n = 17 Cluster 3 n = 9 Month Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD May 5729.58 5153.50 11266.41 5384.75 5795.56 3932.57 June 7683.83 3790.53 8046.06 3197.31 844.56 1807.72 July 8226.50 4144.55 2921.53 4118.76 5059.00 5528.60 September 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 589.89 1769.67 October 7716.00 4252.74 6794.00 4364.90 0.00 0.00 November 4316.75 5710.12 8625.47 3588.10 3903.89 4786.23 December 8151.92 7025.71 5419.29 4138.15 2060.44 2598.78 January 3650.58 4048.06 9497.53 7612.62 3036.44 3269.52 Cluster 2 Cluster 1 Cluster 3 May Jun. Jul. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. 1 2
30 : 1 3 : May Dec. 2 p <.001, 2 p =.20 1 9 6 7 10 3 2 9 7 5 7 7 11 p =.001; p =.003 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 GR 9 3 Xreading 1 Xreading 5 11 Day and Bamford 1998, 2002 GR Xreading 2015, 2016 1
31 Xreading Xreading Xreading Nation 2009 Beglar and Hunt 2014 80WPM 1 20 1,600 5 6. 1 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 20
32 Day and Bamford 1998 Simensen 1987 1 2 4 4 4 10 5 4 5 4 4 5 1 8 5 7 9 1 8 GR 9 Beglar, D., & Hunt, A. (2014). Pleasure reading and reading rate gains. Reading in a Foreign Language, 26, 29. Bell, T. (2001). Extensive reading: Speed and comprehension. The Reading Matrix, 1. Bilikozen, N., & Akyel, A. (2014). EFL reading comprehension, individual differences and text difficulty. The Reading Matrix, 14. Day, R.R., & Bamford, J. (1998). Extensive reading in the second language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Day, R., & Bamford, J. (2002). Top ten principles for teaching extensive reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 14, 136-141. Grabe, W. (1995, March). Why is it so difficult to make extensive reading the key component of L2 reading instruction? Presentation (and handout) at the Reading Research Colloquium, Annual TESOL Convention, Long Beach, CA. Grabe, W. (2009). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice. New York: Cambridge University Press. Kanda, M. (2011). The significance of word count in long-term extensive reading. 9, 127-142. 2016. : 27, 107-122.
33 Mason, B., (2006). Free voluntary reading and autonomy in second language acquisition: Improving TOEFL scores from reading alone. Foreign Language Teaching, 2, 2-5. Mason, B. & Krashen, S. (1997). Extensive reading in English as a foreign language. System, 25, 91-102. 2014. : 26, 83-99. Milliner, B., & Cote, T. (2014). Effective extensive reading management with Xreading. The Language Teacher 38, 32-35. Nation, P. (2009). Teaching ESL/EFL reading and writing. New York: Routledge. Nuttall, C. (1996). Teaching reading skills in a foreign language. Oxford: Heinemann. Robb, T. (2015). Quizzes A sin against the sixth commandment? In defense of MReader. Reading in a Foreign Language, 27, 146. Robb, T., & Kano, M. (2013). Effective extensive reading outside the classroom: A large-scale experiment. Reading in a foreign language, 25, 234-247. Simensen, A.M. (1987). Adapted readers: How are they adapted? Reading in a Foreign Language, 4, 41-57. = 2015. 1 90, 131-142. = 2016. 1 2 92, 113-125.
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