No.402007 12 Abstract This paper discusses Refusal expressions by Japanese university students and high school students. The results of my Discourse Role tests show: 1. When university students refuse the request by their elder brothers and sisters, they work on the requester's selfish-face by using statement of alternative. 2. When high school students refuse the request, they work on the selfish-face of their elder brothers and sisters by using insult. 3. To close seniors, university students and high school students work on the mutual face by using apology. 4. To close seniors, university students work on speaker's negative face, too. But high school students do not do so. (Discourse Role test) (politeness) (Semantic formulas) (face) 1 1) 2) 2007a - 343 -
2006a2007b Beebeatal1990 3) 2 2004 10 2006 7 8 1921 50 1718 50 4) 2 1 DiscourseCompletionTest DCT 2 roleplay DCT DCT DC - 344 -
No.402007 12 2 Discoursecompletiontest Roleplay turntaking DiscourseRoletest 3 3 1 1-345 -
4 1 2 3 3.1 Beebeetal1990 1993 5-346 -
No.402007 12 3.2 BrownandLevinson1978 BL Goffman1976 5) face positiveface 6) negativeface 7) FaceThreatening ActsFTA positiveface negativeface positivepoliteness 8) negativepoliteness politenessstrategy socialdistance power absolute rankingofimposition FTA weight FTA FTA offrecordnegativepolitenesspositivepoliteness baldonrecord 1 DotheFTA DontdotheFTA FTA onrecordoffrecord baldonrecord facesavingact FTA positivepoliteness negativepoliteness Lesser FTA weight Greater - 347 -
BL BL Thomas1995 2002 negativeface positiveface 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 bald on record () () 1 negative face + 1 1 positive face negative face 1 2 positive face negative face - 348 -
No.402007 12 6 selfishface or speakersface mutualface hearersface positiveface negativeface semifacepositiveface negativeface positiveface positiveface negativeface positiveface negativeface negativeface positiveface negativeface semiface negativeface - 349 -
4 4.1 7 7 selfishface positive negative face face semiface 9) 11) 12) hearers mutualface face positiveface positiveface positive face 10) positiveface negativeface 89 13) 12 911 2620 21 01 012322 12 35 54 22 01 01 01 10 10 46 1326 10 41 140 10 011322-350 -
No.402007 12 selfishface positiveface selfishface negativeface negative face 2-351 -
3 23 negativeface 2 negativeface 3 negative face 3 negativeface negativeface negativeface 3 4.2-352 -
No.402007 12 8 positive face selfishface negative face semiface hearers mutualface face positiveface positiveface positiveface positiveface negativeface 7803 02 22 63 20 48 1016 30 409422 03 01 02 22 20 48 1017 30 10 49 1120 30 305411 01 01 20 10 01 32 20 40 20 02 10 101001 10 20 40-353 -
selfishface mutualface selfishface mutualface mutual face positive face positive face positive face negative face 4 (mutual face positive face positive face) 5 (mutual face positive face positive face) 6 (mutual face positive face negative face) 45 positiveface positiveface - 354 -
No.402007 12 positiveface 6 positiveface negativeface negativeface 4 1 ( )selfish-face negative face negativeface 2 ( ) mutual face mutual face positive face positive face positive mutual face positive face negative face negativeface negativeface negativeface - 355 -
1) Searle1969 2) 1996 3) 4) 1994p31 5) BL face positiveface negativeface 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) hearersface negativeface semiface 11) selfishface positiveface 40 7 selfishface positiveface 40 selfishface positiveface 12) selfishface positiveface 20 3 selfishface positiveface 20 selfishface positiveface 13) 89 8 9 2002 ol31no1 ol31no13 1992 79 pp4151 1996-356 -
No.402007 12 22 1993 2 28 2 pp 37 2006a 2006b 37 2007a 70 2007b 34 2003 24 pp6077 1996 Vol5pp515 1994 9 pp2939 1992 BeebeLM TakahashiT UlissWeltzR1990 PragmaticTransferinRefusals InRCScarcellaEAndersonSCKrasheneds DevelopingCommunicative CompetenceinaSecondLanguageNewYork pp5573newburyhousepublishers BrownP SCLevinson1987Politeness SomeUniversalsinLanguageUsage Cambridge CambridgeUniversityPress GoffmanE1976 RepliesandResponses LanguageinSocietyVol5pp257313 CambridgeUniversityPress HindsJ1982EllipsisinJapaneseCarbondaleILLinguisticResearchInc MiriamE BodmanJ1993 ExpressingGratitudeinAmericanEnglish EnglishTeaching49 pp221225 TanakaN1993Thepragmaticsofuncertaintyitsrealizationandinterpretationin EnglishandJapaneseUnpublishedPhDThesisLancasterUniversity ThomasJ 1995 MeaninginInteraction AnIntroductiontoPragmaticsLondon Longman 1998-357 -