A consideration of the relationship between Advance Care Planning and Advance Directives, Based on evidence from the U.S.A.
Advance Directives AD AD 1 1990 2 AD 2012 2001 3 AD Advance Care Planning ACP ADAD ACP 4 ACP AD ACP ACP ACP ACP 5 ACP AD 6 AD ACP 7 ACP
AD AD ACP AD ACP ACP AD AD ACP QOL 8 AD AD AD 1914 Sholendorff Society of New York Hospital Benjamin Cardozo Mary E. Sholendorff Cardozo 9 1960 Luis Kutner Living Will LW 10 LW AD 11 Kutner LW 1970 LW Karen Ann Quinlan 21 Karen Karen 1976 3 31 12 9 30LW Directive to Physician Natural Death Act 13 1980 LW LW LW LW 14 AD 1983
Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care 1983 AD AD AD 1985AD Uniform Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1989 LW 15 AD 1990 AD 1990 1983 Nancy Cruzan 16 25 Nancy Cruzan 1 Nancy 2 clear and convincing evidence 1990 6 25 17 LW LW 18 Cruzan 10 Patient Self-Determination Act: PSDA AD AD AD AD AD 19 AD AD AD AD AD 1989 1994 Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for
Outcomes and Risks of Treatments: SUPPORT 9,100 1989 1991 AD AD 21 7 9 5 1992 1994 AD AD AD AD AD78AD 12 AD 25 20 SUPPORT AD PSDA AD SUPPORT ADAD 21 SUPPORTAD AD 18 30 22 AD AD 35 32 23 AD AD AD AD AD AD 24 AD AD AD AD 25 AD AD AD 26 AD AD
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AD AD AD 34 AD AD 35 AD AD AD AD AD ACP AD ACP ACP ACP ACP AD ACP ACP AD ACP ACP AD AD 1 AD AD AD ACP AD
ACP ACP AD AD AD ACP AD ACP AD 2014 8 36 AD ACP 26 1 Gary S. Fischer, et al., Advance Directives and Advance Care Planning, Encyclopedia of Bioethics 4 th ed. Ed. Bruce Jennings (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 2014), 99 105. 2 2013 2013 171 2014 3 URL http://www.jpn-geriat-soc.or.jp/proposal/tachiba. html 2015 1 8 4 Fischer, et al., 99. 5 22.5 (2012) 112.6 (2013) 2013 2013 187 2014 1935 6 22 200427 35, Y. Masuda, et al., Physicians Reports on the Impact of Living Wills at the End of Life in Japan, Journal of Medical Ethics 29 (2003) : 248 252, 2014 45 49. 7 ACP 1 201122 31. 8 Jaya K. Rao, et al., Development of Public Health Priorities for End-of-Life Initiatives, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 29.5 (2005) : 453 460. 9 211 N.Y. 128, 105 N.E. 93 (1914) R L
1994 101. 10 Luis Kutner, Due Process of Euthanasia: The Living Will, A Proposal, Indiana Law Journal 44.4 (1969) : 539 554. 11 27 35. 12 In re Quinlan, 70 N.J. 10, 23, 355 A. 2d 647 (1976). 13 2006 236 14 Susan Polaniaszek and Judith Peres, Advance Directives and Advance Care Planning: Report to Congress (US Department of Health and Human Services: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2008), 10. http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/2008/adcongrpt.pdf 2015 1 9 15 29. 16 1991121 129. 17 123. 18 128. 19 Patient Self-Determination Act in Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. Federal Law 1990, 101 508. 20 The SUPPORT Principal Investigators, A Controlled Trial to Improve Care for Seriously Ill Hospitalized Patients: The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks for Treatments (SUPPORT), Journal of the American Medical Association 274.20 (1995) : 1591 1598. 21 PSDA J. Teno, et al., Advance Directives for Seriously Ill Hospitalized Patients: Effectiveness with the Patient Self-Determination Act and the SUPPORT Intervention. SUPPORT Investigators. The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks for Treatments, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 45.4 (1997) : 500 507 AD Angela Fagerlin and Carl E. Schneider, Enough: A Failure of the Living Will, Hastings Center Report 34.2 (2004) : 30 42; and Robert A. Burt, The End of Autonomy, Hasting Center Report Special Report 35.6 (2005) : S9 S13. 22 Anne Wilkinson, et al., Literature Review on Advance Directives (US Department of Health and Human Services: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2007), 14. http://aspe.hhs. gov/daltcp/reports/2007/advdirlr.pdf 2015 1 12 23 SK. Kish, et al., Advance Directives in Critically Ill Cancer Patients, Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 12.3 (2000) : 373 383; Elizabeth Knauft, et al., Barriers and Facilitators to End-of- Life Care Communication for Patients with COPD, Chest 127.6 (2005) : 2188 2196; and E. Perry, et al, Peer Mentoring: A Culturally Sensitive Approach to End-of-Life Planning for Long-Term Dialysis Patents, American Journal of Kidney Diseases 46.1 (2005) : 111 119. 24 Fagerlin and Schneider, 30 42. 25 Polaniaszek and Peres, 17. 26 Fagerlin and Schneider, 30 42. 27 Polaniaszek and Peres, 17. 28 Nikki Ayers Hawkins, et al., Micromanaging Death: Process Preferences, Values, and Goals in End-of-Life Medical Decision Making, Gerontologist 45.1 (2005) : 107 117. 29 Fagerlin and Schneider, 30 42. 30 Polaniaszek and Peres, 18, 25. 31 Adrienne Asch, Recognizing Death While Affirming Life: Can End of Life Reform Uphold a Disabled Person s Interest in Continued Life? Hastings Center Report 35.6 (2005) : S31 S36. 32 Hawkins, et al., 107 117, esp. 116. 33 Wilkinson, et al., 24. 34 Karen E. Steinhauser, et al., Factors Considered Important at the End of Life by Patients, Family, Physicians, and Other Care Providers, Journal of the American Medical Association 284.19 (2000) : 2476 2482. 35 Ibid. 36 URLhttp://www.mhlw. go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/iryou/ saisyu_iryou/ 2015 1 8