(Zin ARAI) arai@cris.hokudai.ac.jp http://www.cris.hokudai.ac.jp/arai/ 1 dynamical systems ( mechanics ) dynamical systems 3 G X Ψ:G X X, (g, x) Ψ(g, x) =:Ψ g (x) Ψ id (x) =x, Ψ gh (x) =Ψ h (Ψ g (x)) ( x X g, h G) G X Ψ x X G O(x) := Ψ(G, x) G Z f =Ψ 1 : X X O(x) ={f k (x) k Z} x k f k (x) 1
f k f f k = f f }{{} k R Ψ R Z R 2 L λ (x) =λx L λ : R R λ 0 L λ x λ X = R G = Z Ψ k = L k λ 1 x λ =1.01 x <0 x λ λ Ψ(k, x) =L k λ (x) =λk x k λ > 1 λ < 1 Z k 2
3 λ 0 λ =0 L λ k <0 Ψ k Z Z Z 0 := {k Z k 0} 4 L λ Q λ (x) =λx(1 x) x Q λ L λ (1 x) x =1 Q λ (1) = 0 Q λ R Q λ ([0, 1]) [0, 1] Q λ :[0, 1] [0, 1] [0, 1] L λ 2 Q λ Q k λ (x) 3
1 5 1 dx dt = λx λ R x λ <0 t =0 x = x 0 x(t) =x 0 e λt Ψ:R R R Ψ(t, x) :=xe λt 4
M C 1 G = R X = M Ψ:R M M C 1 M ξ dψ(t, x) ξ x := dt Ψ Z Z 0 G R flow flow G = Z flow Ψ : R X X t R f(x) =Ψ(t, x) f : X X f Ψ -t f flow t t=0 S P(x) x 2 flow Ψ p X T T Ψ T (p) =p T>0 p p S p x S S T x S f(x) 5
p S U f : U S f flow S 2 flow S X flow flow f : X X X [0, 1] X {1} X {0} (x, 1) (f(x), 0) X = X [0, 1]/ (x, s) (x, s), (x, 1) (y, 0) y = f(x) flow Ψ Ψ t (x, s) =(f t+s (x), t+ s t + s ) f suspension flow x := max{k Z k x} f suspension flow Ψ S = X {0} f flow flow flow 6 G = Z, Z 0 R 100 6
3 F. Diacu and P. Holmes, Celestial Encounters, Springer L λ y X x X ω- t k Ψ t k (x) y R Z y X x X α- t k Ψ t k (x) y ω- α- ω(x) = Ψ t (x), α(x) = Ψ t (x) ω-α- T 0 t T T 0 t T 7
7 R 2. X = R 2 S 2 C 1 x X ω(x) α(x) flow α ω limit cycle 3 3 Van der Pol R 2 3 genus 3 genus T 2 flow x T 2 O(x) x T 2 O(x) =T 2 8
8 Lorenz ẋ = σx + σy ẏ = ρx y xz ż = βz + xy R 3 σ, ρ, β Lorenz (σ, ρ, β) =(10, 28, 8/3) 4 50 45 40 35 30 z 25 20 15 10 5 0 40 20 y 0 20 40 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 x 4 Lorenz 1950 9
[1] X. Ψ:G X X C>0 x X U y U t G t x y C x X U : x y U t G such that d(ψ t (x), Ψ t (y)) >C d X 9 ( ( ) x a x H a,b : R 2 R 2 : y) 2 + by x M. Hénon 10
a =1.4, b =0.3 5 amazon [6] [7] 11
[1],, 2000. [2] B. Hasselblatt and A. Katok, A First Course in Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 2003. [3] R. L. Devaney, An Introduction to Chaotic Dynamical System, 2nd ed., Perseus Books Publishing, 1989. 2,, 2003. [4] M. W. Hirsch, S. Smale and R. L. Devaney, Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems and an Introduction to Chaos, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 2004.,, 2007. [5]J.PalisandW.deMelo,Geometric Theory of Dynamical Systems, Springer, 1982. [6] C. Robinson, Dynamical Systems, CRC Press, 1999.,, 2001. [7] A. Katok and B. Hasselblatt, Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical Systems, Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2 [10] 600 [8] J. Guckenheimer and P. Holmes, Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical System, and Bifurcations of Vector Fields, Springer, 1983. [9] K. T. Alligood, T. D. Sauer and J. A. Yorke, Chaos. An Introduction to Dynamical Systems Springer, 1997. 1, 2, 3, 2006. [10] P. Cvitanović, et al., Chaos: classical and quantum, http://chaosbook.org/ Handbooks Handbook 3 Volume 1A, 1B Z R 12
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