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1. Seegal, B. C., Andres, G. A., Hsu, K. C. and Zabriskie, J. B.: Studies on the pathogenesis of acute and Pr ogressive glomerulonephritis in man by immunofluorescein and immunoferritin techniques. Fed. Proc. 24, 100-108, 1965.

3. Slade, H. D.: Extraction of cell-wall polysaccharide antigen from streptococci. J. Bacteriol. 90, 667-672, 1965. 5. Hammerling, U. and Westphal, D.: Synthesis and use of O-stearoyl polysaccharides in passive hema gglutination and hemolysis. Eur. J. Biochem. 1, 46-50, 1967. 6. Goldstein, I. and Caravano, R.: Determination of anti group A streptococcal polysaccharide antibodies in human sera by an hemagglutination technique. Exp. Biol. Med. 124, 1209-1212, 1967. 7. Treser, G., Semar, M., Ty, A., Sagel, I., Franklin, M. A. and Lange, K.: Partial characterization of an tigenic streptococcal plasma membrane components in acute glomerulonephritis. J. Clin. Invest. 49, 762-768, 1970. 8. Zabriskie, J. B., Utermohlen, V., Read, S. E. and Fischetti, V. A.: Streptococcus-related glomeruloneph ritis. Kidney Internat. 3, 100-104, 1973. 10. Markowitz, A. S. and Lange, C. F. Jr.: Streptococcal related glomerulonephritis. 1. Isolation, immuno chemistry and comparative chemistry of soluble fractions from type 12 nephritogenic streptococci and human glomeruli. J. Immunol. 92, 565-575, 1964. 11. Stollerman, G. H., Lewis, A. J., Schultj, I. et al.: Relationship of immune response to group A streptoco cci to the course of acute, chronic and recurrent rheumatic fever. Am. J. Med. 20, 163-180, 1956. 15. Lyttle, J. D., Seegal, D., Loeb, E. N. and Jost, E. L.: The serum antistreptolysin titer in acute glomerulo nephritis. J. Clin. Invest. 17, 631-640, 1938. 16. Weinstein, L. and Tsao, C. C. L.: Effect of types of treatment on development of antistreptolysin in pa tients with scalet fever. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 63, 449-458, 1946. 17. Kilbourne, E. D. and Loge, J. P.: The comparative effects of continuous and antistreptolysin in hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. J. Clin. Invest. 27, 418-430, 1948. 18. Kalowski, S. and Kincaid-Smith, P.: Glomerulonephritis.in Henoch-Schonlein Syndrome, ed. Kincaid Smith, Mathew and Becker, In Glomerulonephritis., John Wiley & sons, pp, 1105-1121, 1972. 19. Gairdner, D.: Schonlein-Henoch syndrome (anaphylactoid purpura). Quart. J. Med. (New Series) 17, 95-115, 1948. 20. Lewis, I. C.: The Schonlein-Henoch syndrome (anaphylactoid purpura) compared with certain features of nephritis and rheumatism. Arch. Dis. Child. 30, 212-220, 1955. 21. Vernier, R. L., Worthen, H. G., Peterson, R. D., Colle, E. and Good, R. A.: Anaphylactoid purpura. 1. Pathology of the skin and kidney and frequency of streptococcal infection. Paediatrics 27, 181-193, 1961. 22. Ayoub, E. M., Hoyer, J.: Anaphylactoid purpura: Streptococcal antibody titers and B1C-globulin levels. J. Paediatr. 75, 193-201, 1969. 23. Rantz, L. A., Randall, E. and Rantz, H. H.: Antistreptolysin "O": a study of this antibody in health and in hemolytic streptococcus respiratory disease in man. Am, J. Med. 5, 3-15, 1948. 24. Frodin, H.: Purpura fulminans and its relation to scarlatina. Acta Paediatr. 34, 217-222, 1947.

25. Bywaters, E. G. L., Isdale, I. and Kempton, J. J.: Schonlein-Henoch purpura: evidence for a group A beta hemolytic streptococcal etiology. Quart. J. Med. (New Series) 26, 161-180, 1957. 27. Habib, R., Kleinknecht, C.: The primary nephrotic syndrome of childhood. Classification and clinico pathologic study of 406 cases. Pathol. Ann. 6, 417-428, 1971. 28. Habib, R., Kleinknecht, C., Gubler, M. C. and Levy. M.: Idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulone phritis in children. Report of 105 cases. Clin. Nephrol. 1, 194-214, 1973. 29. West, C. D., McAdams, A. J., McConville, J. M., et al: Hypocomplementemic and normocomplementemic persistent (chronic) glomerulonephritis; clinical and pathologic characteristics. J. Pediatr. 67, 1089-1112, 1965. 30. Panem, S.: C-type virus expression in systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 295, 470-1976. 31. Horwitz, D. A.: Impaired delayed hypersensitivity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 15, 353-359, 1972. 32. Stollerman, G. H., et al.: Jones criteria (revised) for guidance in the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Cir. culation 32, 664-668, 1965. 34. Barnert, A. L., Terry, E. E., Persellin, R. H.: Acute rheumatic fever in adults. J Am. Med. Assoc. 232, 925-928, 1975. 35. Cohen, S., Salamon, M., Grishman, E., Gribetz, D., Churg, J.: The Kidney in acute rheumatic fever. Arch. Intern. Med. 127, 245-249, 1971. 36. Hong, R., West, C. D.: Gamma 1A globulin levels in rheumatic fever. Arthritis Rheum. 7, 128-137, 1964.

Renal disease and streptococcal infection I. Anti-streptococcal C-carbohydrate antibodies in renal diseases Makoto HIRAMATSU Third Department of Medicine, Okayama University Medical School (Director: Prof. T. Ofuji) For the purpose of studying the relationship between streptococcal infection and renal diseases, we estimated the titer of antibody to streptococcal C-carbohydrate in serum of pa tients with various renal diseases. The results were as follows: serum titers were less than 1:8 in normal adults, less than 1:16 in normal children, between 1:16 and 1:1024 in acute glomerulonephritis, between 1: 8 and 1: 1024 in anaphylactoid purpura nephritis, between 1:2 and 1:512 in chronic glomerulonephritis, between 1:4 and 1:8 in primary nephrotic syndrome, and between 1:2 and 1:16 in lupus nephritis. This results showed significant high titers in acute glomerulonephritis, anaphylactoid purpura nephritis and chronic glomerulo nephritis, suggesting a close relationship between these diseases and streptococcal infection. The titers in patients with IgA-nephropathy which was included in chronic glomerulonephritis in the present study were higher than in patients with other groups of chronic glomerulo nephritis. This may suggest that streptococcal infection plays an etiologic role in IgA-nephro pathy.

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