No.44 2009 pp.227 235 The Characteristics of Tornados Accompanied with Typhoons in Japan from the Viewpoint of their Generating Field Patterns and their Indices Kazuaki OKABE and Shuji YAMAKAWA Received October 31, 2008 We classified tornados outbreak into three patterns, i.e. the inner-band pattern, the outer-band pattern and the coastal front pattern, based on the outbreak position of tornados associated with typhoons. 37 tornados occurred in Japan during 1991-2006 were analyzed form the viepoint of atomospheric parameters of the observation data at upper air observatories. As a result, a spacial peak of the outbreak was found in the vicinity of 300km and 500km to the north through eastnortheast of the typhoon center, and the number of the tornados for each pattern was 4, 19, 11, respectively. In addition, the relationships between the pattern of tornados and the atmospheric parameters were not clearly recognized, because of the spatial, tempral gaps. Keywords: typhoon, tornado, inner-band, outer-band, coastal front, Atomospheric parameter 1 17.2m/s 34knot/s 9 10 1980 1958 1982 1994 400km McCaul, 1991 500km 1000km 2007 coastal front 1995 1991 2006 : 156-8550 3-25-40 : 156-8550 3-25-40 Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University: 3-25-40 Sakurajosui Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8550 Japan Department of Geosystem Science, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University: 3-25-40 Sakurajosui Setagaya-ku, Tokyo,156-8550 Japan 227 165
19831987 1972 2 2.1 1991 2006 1 2 SSI MUCAPE3km SReH 3kmMEANSHR VGP EHIMAX 1991 2006 16 1 2 (a) (b) 1 ae (c) 166 228
2.2 1 37 3 (d) 3.1 W. M. Frank 1977 (e) 3.2 CAPE LFC LNB CAPE Z LCL Z LNB gr Tp Ta 1/p [J/kg] R 287J/kg K Tp [ ] Ta [ ] 1000 2500 3500 U V W 1 1993 9 3 1993 9 3 1993 9 3 1993 9 4 1994 9 29 1994 9 29 1994 9 29 1997 9 16 1998 9 16 1998 9 18 1998 9 21 1998 10 17 1998 10 17 1999 9 24 1999 9 24 1999 9 24 1999 9 24 1999 9 24 1999 9 24 2000 9 11 2000 9 11 2000 9 11 2001 8 22 2001 9 10 2002 7 10 2003 6 19 2003 8 8 2003 8 8 2003 8 8 2003 9 12 2004 9 29 2004 9 30 2005 9 5 2005 9 5 2006 9 17 2006 9 17 2006 9 17 229 167
SSI 500hPa 850hPa LCL 500hPa 3.0 5.9 6.0 U V W SReH 積乱雲に流入 上昇する気塊が運び込む回転 ( 渦 ) の 大きさの目安を表す SReH h kv Z CV Z / Z dz 0 Vm/s C m/s h km SReH 150 SReH 150 299F0 F1 SReH 300 499F2 F3 U V W MEANSEAR MEANSEAR hkm SReH MEANSEAR 0-h { h 0 V/ Z dz}/{ h 0 dz} VGP Vorticity Generation Parameter VGP / tilt VGP S CAPE 1/2 S h wcape 1/2 VGPd /dt tilt 4 4.1 3-1 3-2 1994 82 1994 3-3 315 135 0 67.5 65, 300km 500km 2, 1000km 1200km EHI EHI CAPE SREH EHI CAPE SReH /1.6 10 5 EHI 1.0 EHI 2.0 EHI 4.0 Raumussen and Blanchard 1998 U V W 3-1 1991 2006 168 230
14 2 14 14 2 23 31 3-2 1991 2006 43 4.3 2 3 4 11 19 51 7 194 1111 30 3 8 3 1 4.2 3-3 3 1 200km 2 300km 500km 3 500km 4.3.1 4 150 250km 4-1 4-2 3-3 4-1 2005 9 5 10 /h 1 5m/smm/h 231 169
4-2 2005 9 5 5-2 2006 9 17 4.3.2 19 13 2000 5-1 5-2 4.3.3 7 1000km 2 4 6-1 6-2 5-1 2005 9 17 14 /h 1 5m/s mm/h 4.4 1 1 170 232
6-1 2002 7 10 16 /h 1 5m/smm/h 6-2 2002 7 10 16 1 5m/s 0.5 4.5 SSI CAPE SReH MEANSHR BRNshr VGP EHI 2 MEANSHR SSI CAPE BRNshr McCaul 1991 SSI 3.0 CAPE 2500J/kg 1 McCaul 1991 BRNshr Weisman and Klemp 1982 15<BRN<35 SReH SReH 150m 2 /s 2 VGP EHI 5 3 1991 2006 37 200km 500km, 233 171
2 SSI CAPE SReH MEANSHR BRNshr VGP EHIMX 1998/1017/15 00 0.26 434.93 316.98 21.55 11.1 0.04 1.03 1999/0924/09 00 0.63 125.71 178.28 28.62 8.1 0.07 0.01 2005/0905/09 00-0.5 154.21 472.65 13.12 14.41 0.07 0.43 1993/0903/15 00-0.1 89.38 24.33 8.2 1993/0903/15 00-1.6 1899.76 199.32 20.73 11.86 0.24 1.94 1997/0916/15 00 3.43 356.3 359.87 31.6 16.91 0.14 0.85 1999/0924/09 00 0.2 2219.06 196.25 21.09 11.77 0.21 2.38 2001/0822/03 00-3 626.85 211.14 16.33 8.48 0.24 0.76 2001/0910/09 00 0 622.41 270.83 18.39 10.26 0.19 1.02 2003/0619/09 00-0.2 321.21 296.14 27.84 14.28 0.18 0.65 2003/0807/21 00 0.69 250.34 335.37 25.3 17.05 0.1 0.42 2003/0808/09 00 2.77 0 580.28 12.09 15.12 0 0 2003/0808/21 00 1.03 1134.59 216.5 17.77 8.86 0.22 0.98 2004/0929/21 00 3.26 658.85 289.27 36.8 13.16 0.19 1.29 2006/0917/15 00-0.9 447.25 493.76 42.48 15.96 0.34 1.74 1998/0918/15 00 4.36 245.26 514.67 16.43 16.48 0.15 0.87 1998/0921/09 00 2.85 2885.93 128.29 21.06 9.39 0.1 1.28 2000/0911/21 00-1.5 2178.85 189.08 23.87 11.33 0.24 2.36 2002/0710/15 00-0.4 1662.74 202.28 18.5 11.02 0.23 1.77 2003/0912/09 00 0.52 1460.82 117.08 10.27 8.33 0.1 0.23 1998/0916/09 00-2.1 709.29 859.08 20.67 16.38 0.29 4.43 2000/0911/09 00-0.2 742.21 96.05 8.61 6.15 0.12 0.68 2004/0930/03 00 3.47 638.92 345.53 30.16 15.82 0.19 1.51 1000km SReH BRNshr CAPE CIN 2008 172 234
1992 39 11 697-706 1995 8922 40 6 403-412. 1983 35 53-58 1987GMS 8310 39 91-108 1994 37 B-1 57-66 2007 10 91 325 1982 29 9 967-980 McCaul, E.W., Jr 1991Buoyancy and shear characteristics of hurricane-tornado environments. Mon,Wea Rev, 119 1954-1978 2001pp.220-251 2008 55 7-22 2000 9918 1999 9 24 47 11 777-783. 1972 19 311-320. 2002 9918 45 B 369-388 Weisman, M.L. and Klemp, J.B. 1982The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 504-520. 235 173