No.8, 241-252 (2007) Global Strategies of Tire Manufacturers for the Growing Economies of Eastern European and Latin American Countries USHIYAMA Yukio Nihon University, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies The Eastern European and Latin American economies and the automotive industries of these areas have been growing rapidly since the end of the 20 th century. This paper reveals features of tire manufacturers global strategies for growing economies and their automotive industries, by studying how each maker has branched out into, and continued operations in, such areas. This paper also considers the political, economical, historical, and cultural differences of these areas and how such differences have influenced the sales, production and distribution activities of US, European and Japanese tire makers. 20 21 20 21 20 20 1997 2006 1
GDP GDP 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 8,304 8,747 9,268 9,817 10,128 10,470 10,961 11,712 12,456 13,262 638 617 661 725 715 735 868 994 1,132 1,273 1,328 1,426 1,467 1,445 1,436 1,574 1,815 2,155 2,229 2,356 1,427 1,476 1,457 1,333 1,341 1,464 1,805 2,060 2,127 2,227 2,163 2,187 2,146 1,906 1,893 2,024 2,444 2,744 2,792 2,890 1,194 1,219 1,202 1,101 1,118 1,223 1,510 1,727 1,766 1,841 4,239 3,858 4,363 4,651 4,090 3,912 4,237 4,517 4,567 4,464 4.5 4.2 4.4 3.7 0.8 1.6 2.5 3.9 3.2 3.4 4.2 4.1 5.5 5.2 1.8 2.9 1.8 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.8 2.4 2.1 2.7 3.3 1.9 2.7 2.1 3.3 3.0 4.0 1.8 1.1 1.1 3.0 1.2 2.4 1.7 2.0 1.9 3.1 1.2 0.0-0.2 1.2 0.9 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.9 3.6 1.8 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.5 1.4-1.8-0.2 2.9 0.4 0.1 1.8 2.3 2.6 2.7 IMF World Economic Outlook, September 2006 2005 1998 1999 2000 BRICs 1 GDP 1999 BRICs 1991 2003 4 10 BRICs 2004 2005 1992 1998 1997 1998 GDP 1991 6 BRICs 1 BRICs, 2006 2 BRICs, 200655 242
BRICs GDP GDP 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 953 1,019 1,083 1,198 1,325 1,454 1,641 1,932 2,234 2,554 411 414 442 462 474 494 575 666 772 854 405 271 196 260 307 345 431 589 763 975 808 788 537 602 510 461 506 604 796 967 9.3 7.8 7.1 8.4 8.3 9.1 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.0 4.9 5.9 6.9 5.3 4.1 4.3 7.2 8.0 8.5 8.3 1.4-5.3 6.4 10.0 5.1 4.7 7.3 7.2 6.4 6.5 3.3 0.1 0.8 4.4 1.3 1.9 0.5 4.9 2.3 3.6 IMF World Economic Outlook Database, September 2006 2005 GDP 4 6 20 GDP 1999 2002 BRICs 5% 5 1999 3 15 BRICs BRICs 1999 BRICs 3 BRICs, 200659 4, 2003 5 BRICs, 2006193 233 243
GDP GDP 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 157 172 168 171 190 198 217 253 303 330 57 62 60 57 62 75 91 108 124 140 21 22 20 20 21 25 33 42 47 53 46 47 48 47 52 66 83 101 109 104 20 21 22 19 20 22 28 32 34 35 186 198 182 198 143 183 241 303 362 378 35 42 36 37 40 46 60 75 99 113 405 271 196 260 307 345 431 589 763 975 7.1 5.0 4.5 4.2 1.1 1.4 3.8 5.3 3.4 5.0-0.7-0.8 1.3 3.6 2.5 1.9 3.6 4.2 6.1 6.0 4.6 4.2 1.5 2.0 3.2 4.1 4.2 5.4 6.1 6.5 4.6 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 3.4 5.2 4.1 4.5 4.8 3.9 5.4 4.1 2.7 3.5 2.7 4.2 3.9 4.2 7.5 3.1-4.7 7.4-7.5 7.9 5.8 8.9 7.4 5.0-6.1-4.8-1.2 2.1 5.7 5.1 5.2 8.4 4.1 5.5 1.4-5.3 6.4 10.0 5.1 4.7 7.3 7.2 6.4 6.5 IMF World Economic Outlook Database, September 2006 2004 2005 BRICs BRICs 1989 1997 3 21 EU 10 2004 5 EU EU EU 25 2007 1 27 2002 EU 3 EU 2004 EU EU 6 JAMAGAZINE 2005 6 2002 393 164 244
4 1000 2002 2003 2004 276 23 299 307 15 322 522 77 599 441 6 447 436 5 441 443 5 448 225 226 281 281 224 224 138 3 142 122 4 126 119 4 123 127 127 111 8 118 117 15 132 65 14 79 76 20 95 99 23 122 980 240 1,220 1,010 268 1,279 1,110 275 1,385 2,252 286 2,540 2,343 320 2,662 2,634 399 3,033 204 142 347 294 239 533 447 376 823 (JAMA) 2006 JAMA EU EU 5 8 2004 318 1974 2005 Panda 1993 2005 4 2004 2002 19% 303 507 347 GM 9 1991 Skoda VW Skoda 2000 VW Skoda 4 PSA 2001 7 8 JAMAGAZINE 2005 6, 2007 102 103 245
5 1000 2002 2003 2004 308 20 328 354 40 394 318 50 368 148 22 170 150 26 175 133 35 168 65 8 74 58 13 70 57 13 71 172 35 207 208 31 240 318 50 368 118 80 198 289 165 454 451 285 737 89 23 112 107 29 135 145 36 181 1,053 247 1,300 1,224 273 1,497 1,453 281 1,734 (JAMA) 2006 JAMA 1 4300 2005 3 2004 224 3 1930 2004 50 7 2004 540 10 GAZ 1932 PSA AvtoVAZ 1970 2004 2002 2004 1,000 140 2004 123 2004 6 3 170 2004 9 2 JAMA 2004 90 2004 140 12 8000 9 JAMAGAZINE 2005 6 10 JAMAGAZINE2005 6 246
6 1 (1) 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tire Business 2006 8 28 2008 11 28 Matador GM BMW 2000 1997 2006 1995 1996 2001 EU 2 Barum 11 JAMAGAZINE2005 6 247
GDP GDP 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 401 421 481 581 622 649 639 683 768 811 86 91 98 117 123 93 83 110 133 164 107 98 86 84 82 81 79 97 122 129 83 79 73 75 69 67 74 95 115 140 808 788 537 602 510 461 506 604 796 967 293 299 284 284 269 313 376 448 532 661 59 57 52 53 54 57 61 70 79 89 13 14 16 16 16 17 17 19 20 21 6.8 5.0 3.8 6.6 0.0 0.8 1.4 4.2 3.0 4.0 6.4 0.3-6.0 3.7 3.4-8.9-7.7 17.9 9.3 7.5 3.4 0.6-4.2 2.9 1.5 1.9 3.9 4.8 5.1 4.8 6.6 3.2-0.8 4.5 3.4 2.2 3.9 6.2 6.3 5.2 3.3 0.1 0.8 4.4 1.3 1.9 0.5 4.9 2.3 3.6 8.1 3.9-3.4-0.8-4.4-10.9 8.8 9.0 9.2 8.0 6.9-0.7 0.9 3.0 0.2 5.2 3.9 5.2 6.4 6.0 5.6 8.4 8.2 1.8 1.1 2.9 6.4 4.1 5.9 6.5 IMF World Economic Outlook Database, September 2006 GDP 2003 GDP 2004 2005 EU EU 1970 12 1970 1980 1989 2000 13 BRICs 1990 1994 10 1980 2003 12 BRICs, 200637 13 BRICs, 2006 248
8 1000 2002 2003 2004 960 845 1,805 774 801 1,575 794 770 1,565 111 48 159 109 60 169 171 89 260 1,520 271 1,792 1,505 323 1,828 1,756 454 2,210 28 12 40 50 12 61 2,592 1,164 3,756 2,416 1,196 3,612 2,772 1,325 4,096 (JAMA) 2006 JAMA 1995 BRICs 1995 1999 1994 2005 6 1995 GDP 14 2001 2003 2004 2004 410 347 BRICs 4 BRICs 4 14 BRICs,2006207 249
9 1000 2002 2003 2004 711 292 1,004 692 311 1,003 742 382 1,124 79 3 82 152 4 156 306 6 312 1,219 260 1,479 1,169 260 1,429 1,296 330 1,626 103 5 107 120 6 125 149 9 157 96 108 n.a. 129 64 n.a. (JAMA) 2007 JAMA ADEFA http://www.adefa.com.ar/ 15 (ANAC) JETRO 2002 8 GM 17 5 2003 16 2004 26 31 1960 2002 1964 GM PSA 1965 GM 4 80% 1966 7.3% 18 BMW 1995 2002 (FTAA) 85% EU FTA FTA 2004 2004 661 2,136 2002 8 2004 1.76 2002 31 2000 1980 2002 GDP -10.9% 15 2005 4 17 2006 16,, 2003 18,, 200316 250
10 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 1 Tire Business 2006 8 28 88 BSA 7 90 2 2006 PCI PBQP PACTI 90 19 95 1930 40 1000cc 1:1 2005 6 1990 4 GM 90 PSA 1930 2002 1932 4 90% 20 1981 1998 19,,200313 20,,20031314 251
1939 1940 1931 1968 1955 1958 1967 Bartlett, C. and S. Ghoshal (1989) (2003) (2006)BRICs 1998 Grupo (2006)BRICs Carso 21 (2007) 22 2006 EU (JAMA) JAMAGAZINE 2005 6 (2003) (2005) Tire Business, 1998 9 14 Tire Business, 1998 11 23 Tire Business, 2006 8 28 21 Tire Business, 1998 11 23 22 Tire Business, 1998 914 23 Bartlett, C. and S. Ghoshal, 1989 Received: September 31, 2007 Issued in internet Edition: October 31, 2007 252