(2005) (2005) 1 2 ( 1 ) 20km 2 4km 20km 40km 400km 10 1km 2km Ruscher and Deardroff (1982) Dempsey and Rotunno (1988) Smolarkiewcz et al. (1988) Smolarkiwicz and Rotunno (1989) F r = 0.15 0.5 ( F r = u/nh, N :, H : ) Kang et al. (1998) F r F r =0.48 F r =0.22 ( 1 ) Smolarkiwicz and Rotunno (1989) F r = 0.15 0.5 ( 1) ( 2 ) (2005) Kang et al. (1998)
1: 2000 2 21 ( ) ( URL http://weather.is.kochiu.ac.jp/) Kang et al.(1998) F r = 0.22 3.57 1km 2: (Kimura, 1988) (Etling,1989)
( 2 ) Kang et al. (1998) (2005) 2 ARPS ARPS m km Kang et al. (1998) 3 576km 195km 3km 3km 15km 50 z = 7.14km 170m 7.14km 10km (x, y) = (60, 97.5)km 3 x 10m/s 296.3K N = 14s 1 965hPa (open boundary) Orlanski (1976) Klemp and Durran (1983) 8000m Rayleigh damping ( 3) Altitude 2.3 0 0 U=10(m/s) Klemp-Durran Stratified lauer(n=14) Central Stratified layer(t=296.3k) Free Slip X-direction 600 Y-direction 200 0 0 600 X-direction 3: ( ( ) ( )
3 3.1 4 t = 154800s (43h) t = 241200s (67h) 08:30Z Sat 18 Dec 2004 t=4140 s (11:30:00) 08:30Z Sat 18 Dec 2004 t=4140 s (11:30:00) 08:30Z Sat 18 Dec 2004 t=4140 s (11:30:00) 100. 80. 40. 20. -20. -40. - -80. 20 30 40 50 Umin=-15.41 Umax=5.18 Vmin=-7.11 Vmax=9.14 20:00Z Sat 18 Dec 2004 t=8280 s (23:00:00) 20 30 40 50 20:00Z Sat 18 Dec 2004 t=8280 s (23:00:00) Min=-224. Max=158. 20:00Z Sat 18 Dec 2004 t=8280 s (23:00:00) -100. 100. 80. 40. 20. -20. -40. - -80. 20 30 40 50 Umin=-13.48 Umax=5.89 Vmin=-8.71 Vmax=9.23 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) 20 30 40 50 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) Min=-318. Max=265. 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) -100. 100. 80. 40. 20. -20. -40. - -80. 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50-100. Umin=-15.74 Umax=7.89 Vmin=-7.61 Vmax=8.14 t=24120 s (67:00:00) t=24120 s (67:00:00) Min=-341. Max=235. t=24120 s (67:00:00) 100. 80. 40. 20. -20. -40. - -80. 20 30 40 50 Umin=-14.04 Umax=6.22 Vmin=-15 Vmax=8.43 20 30 40 50-100. Min=-252. Max=285. ARPS/ZXPLOT myrun1, Version 4.5.2, Kang-Kimura Sounding ARPS/ZXPLOT myrun1, Version 4.5.2, Kang-Kimura Sounding 4: 1000m ( ) z ( ) 11h30m, 23h, 43h, 67h 3.2 t = 67h z 5 y xz 5 y = 97.5km y = 76.5km y =76.5km y 0.6km y =97.5km 1.5km λ x λ x 35km λ z λ z 1km y = 76.5km λ x 70km λ z 2 3km
-0.8 t=24120 s (67:00:00) t=24120 s (67:00:00) 0.8 0.64 t=24120 s (67:00:00) X-Z plane at y=97.5 km 0.48 0.32 0.16-1.19E-07-0.16-0.32-0.48-0.64 w (m/s, shaded) 20 30 40 50 Min=-.873 Max=0 t=24120 s (67:00:00) t=24120 s (67:00:00) - - 297.9 297.8-297.6 297.4-29 297. 296.8 296.6 9 48 57-296.4 296.2 Min=-662. Max=879. pt (K, shaded) 20 30 40 50 Min=296. Max=298. t=24120 s (67:00:00) t=24120 s (67:00:00) 296. 300. t=24120 s (67:00:00) 240. 180. 120. X-Z plane at y=76.5 km - -120. -180. -240. 20 30 40 50 Min=-252. Max=285. t=24120 s (67:00:00) -300. - - - - 9 48 57-20 30 40 50 Umin=-14.04 Umax=6.22 Vmin=-15 Vmax=8.43 Min=-688. Max=564. ARPS/ZXPLOT myrun1, Version 4.5.2, Kang-Kimura Sounding ARPS/ZXPLOT 5: 1000m (m/s) (K) z ( 10 5 1/s) (m/s) y xz y = 97.5km( ) y = 76.5km( ) 3.2.1 z =2300m 6 07:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=12240 s (34:00:00) 306 302 320 324 316 316 312 312 310 310 300 314 308 308 298 X-Z plane at y=97.5 km 322 326 318 304 302 320 306 324 300 314 298 322 318 304 9 48 57 pt (K, contour) Min=296. Max=334. Inc=1.00 6: y = 97.5km( ) xz c = U ± N kx 2 + k z 2 (3.1)
z c gz Nk x k z = (k 2 x + k 2. (3.2) z ) 3/2 c 7m/s U 10m/s U 6 m/s c U > 0 (3.1) (3.2) c gz > 0 (3.2) k x k z k z k x N c U = ± 2 kx + k, (3.3) 2 z N k z (3.4) c U 1(m/s) (3.5) N 1.4 10 2 (s 1 ) k z = N c U 1.4 10 2 1 1.4 10 2 (1/m) () λ z = 2π k z 0.5 10 3 (m) (3.7) c U 3(m/s) k z = N c U 1.4 10 2 3 0.4 10 2 (1/m) (3.8) λ z = 2π k z 1.5 10 3 (m) (3.9) λ z 1km λ z 2 3km N N 1.4 10 2 (s 1 ) N 3.2.2 z ( 7 ) y y xz ( 7 ). x = 250km ( 7 ) y = 76.5km y y = 97.5km z = 1.5km y x = 300km ( 7 ) y = 106.5km y 8 xz
t=24120 s (67:00:00) X-Z plane at y=79.5 km t=24120 s (67:00:00) X-Z plane at y=85.5 km - - - - - - - - 9 48 57-9 Min=-626. Vort*10^5 Max=602. (1/s, shaded) t=24120 s (67:00:00) 57 Min=-501. Max=843. t=24120 s (67:00:00) X-Z plane at y=97.5 km 48 X-Z plane at y=91.5 km - - - - - - - - - 9 48 57-9 Min=-575. Vort*10^5 Max=817. (1/s, shaded) t=24120 s (67:00:00) 57 Min=-662. Max=879. t=24120 s (67:00:00) X-Z plane at y=109.5 km 48 X-Z plane at y=103.5 km - - - - - - - - 9 48 57 - Min=-601. Max=0.101E+04 - - 9 48 57 Min=-533. Max=848. ARPS/ZXPLOT 図 7: 互い違いの渦列時の渦度 z 成分 ( 105 1/s) 左図は xy 断面図で 高度は上から 1000m 1500m 2000m 2500m 右図は xz 断面図で 上左は y = 79.5km 上右は y = 85.5km 中左は y = 91.5km 中右は y = 97.5km 下左は y = 103.5km 下右は y = 109.5km 図 8: 互い違いになったカルマン渦列の渦のつながり概念図
0.8 0.64 0.48 0.32 0.16-1.19E-07-0.16-0.32-0.48-0.64-0.8 297.9 297.8 297.6 297.4 29 297. 296.8 296.6 296.4 296.2 296. 300. 240. 180. 120. - -120. -180. -240. -300. 3.3 3.3.1 t = 43h z 9 y = 76.5km y xz ( 9 ) (y = 97.5km) z = 1.5km λ x 50km λ z 1km y = 76.5km λ x 50km λ z 2 3 km 3.3.2 c 6.5m/s U 6m/s U 10m/s c U 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) X-Z plane at y=97.5 km w (m/s, shaded) 20 30 40 50 Min=-.794 Max=0.875 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) - - - - 9 48 57 - Min=-551. Max=544. pt (K, shaded) 20 30 40 50 Min=296. Max=297. 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) X-Z plane at y=76.5 km 20 30 40 50 Min=-341. Max=235. 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) - - - - 9 48 57-20 30 40 50 Umin=-15.74 Umax=7.89 Vmin=-7.61 Vmax=8.14 Min=-493. Max=515. ARPS/ZXPLOT myrun1, Version 4.5.2, Kang-Kimura Sounding ARPS/ZXPLOT 9: 1000m ( ) (m/s) (K) z ( 10 5 1/s) (m/s) 1000m y ( ) 3.3.3 z ( 10 ) y y xz ( 10 ) x = 260km ( ( 10 )) 10 x = 260km 11 λ x
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) X-Z plane at y=79.5 km 9 48 57 X-Z plane at y=85.5 km Min=-522. Max=630. 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) 9 48 57 Min=-572. Max=785. 16:00Z Sun 19 Dec 2004 t=15480 s (43:00:00) X-Z plane at y=91.5 km 9 48 57 Min=-593. Max=706. ARPS/ZXPLOT 10: z ( 10 5 1/s) 1000m 1500m 2000m 2500m xz y = 79.5km y = 85.5km y = 91.5km z z y y x 11:
4 (2005) 1. Dempsey, D P. and Rotunno, R., 1988: Topographic generation of mesoscale vortices in mixed-layer models. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2961-2978. 2. Etling, D., 1989: On Atmospheric Vortex Streets in the Wake of Large Islands. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 41, 157-164 3., 2004:., 2004, 85, 115 4., 2005:., 2005, 88, 284 5. Kang, S. D., F. Kimura and S.Takahashi., 1998: A Numerical Study On the Karman Vortex Generated by Divergence of Momentum Flux in Flow Past an Isolated Mountain. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 76, 925-935 6. Kimura, R., 1988: The process of generation of Karman Vortex streets in the lee side of Cheju island. J. Jap. Soc. Fluid Mech., 7, 1-2 7. Klemp, J. B., and D. R. Durran, 1983: An upper boundary condition permitting internal gravity wave radiation in numerical mesoscale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 430-444 8. Orlanski, I., 1976: A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows. J. Comput. Phy., 21, 251-269 9. Ruscher, P. H. and Deardorff. J. W., 1982: A numerical simulation of atmospheric vortex streets., Tellus, 34, 555-566 10. Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Rassmussen and R. M., Clark, T. L., 1988: On the dynamics of Hawaiian cloud bands: island forcing. J. Atoms. Sci., 45, 1872-1905 11. Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and R. Rotunno, 1989: Low Froude Number Flow past Three-Dimensional Obstacles. Part1: Baroclinically Generated Lee Vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1154-1165