「再生可能エネルギー政策の『市場化』」

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583149 1 1. 1 2011 3 11

150 584 67 3 1 2 2012 7 2013 32 1 1 Transmission System Operator : TSO 1 2

585151 1 1. 2 20 30 20 21

152 586 67 3 1 2 3 2012 2014 2014 2 1 2

587153 3 2014 2014 2 2014 2. 12014 2014 2025 40 45 2035 55 602050 80

154 588 67 3 60 50 45.0 40 40.0 30 23.6 20 25.3 17.0 10 10.2 6.2 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2025 BMWi (2014b), S.2, Abb. 1. 2 3 2. 2 2. 2. 1 2014 Zielkorridor

589155 MW 1,600 1.6 1,800 0.8 2,000 0 2,200 0.8 2,400 1.2 2,4002,600 1.6 2,800 2 3,000 2.4 3,200 3.2 3,400 3.9 3,400 4.7 MW 1,000 6.1 1,500 0 2,400 3 2,4002,600 5.8 3,500 11.4 4,500 15.6 5,500 19.6 6,500 23.4 7,500 26.2 7,500 28.9 BMWi (2014b), S.2, Abb. 2. 1 2014 2,500MW 2,400 2,600MW 2,500MW 2,400 2,600MW 2020 6,500MW 800MW 100MW Atmender Deckel

156 590 67 3 5 8.9 kwh 4.95 kwh 0.4 0.4 1 1 1.6 1 1 9.23 kwh 13.2 kwh 0.5 kwh 1 2. 2. 21 2009 2012

591157 a b S P A P A P B P M P M P M P S=A+P S=A+P BM+P BM+P 201475 1 2014 2014 8 1 500MW 2016 1 1 100kW 2012 2012 2014 2014 2014 8 1 500kW 2016 1 1 100mkW 2 ab

158 592 67 3 a S S S P A A S P+ A 2 b P B B-P M anzulegende Wert M BP 1 P M P 2 P+M BP+M

593159 B B P+M B 1 2. 2. 32 2014 2 M 2017 2014 2017 Bundesnetzagentur: BnetzA 201520162017 3 3 4 8 12 1 2015 4 15 2 1 2 1 170 150MW

160 594 67 3 8 400MW 2015 500MW2016 400MW2017 300MW Pay-as-Bid 2015 8 1 12 1 Uniform PricingPay-as-Cleared 2 1 4 kw 10MW kw 50 24 3 1 2 3 3 BMWi 2014c, S.5 3 BMWi 2014c, S.45

595161 2. 3 2. 3. 1 2014 3 2 1 2 1 2 EU State AidEU 3 3 2014 1GW 15 4Cap 20 0.5Super-Cap Cap Super-Cap 1GW 0.1 kwh 0.05 kwh 2014

162 596 67 3 2014 4 1 2 219 1 2 1 1 4 1 68 162015 2016 17 4 2 20 2012 14 2. 3. 2 2012 2014 2014 8 1 2015 302016 35 2017 40

597163 3 1 10kW 2 3 32014 3. 1 2014 Mayer et al. 2015 2015 2050

164 598 67 3 2 20 19 23 10 2015 58 kwh 2025 46 kwh 3 2 2050 24 kwh 2 1 510 kwh 3. 2 2

599165 a b C P* D S C P* P' D S S' O A E* O A B E*E' kwh Loreck, C. (2013), S.9, Abb.3. kwh

166 600 67 3 kwh 3 a P* E* OE* OA AE* 3 a OC OC OC OP* OC OP* CP* Differenzkosten 3 a kwh 1 OC 2 3 b OA OB OA OB 3 3 b OB

601167 OB OB 3 b AB P* P' 3 b CP* CP' 3 3. 3 4 1 2 2 2014 12 2013 2014 5.277 kwh 6.240 kwh 0.963 kwh

第 67 巻 168 602 第3号 TWh 2017 太陽光発電 量の 37 は 2013 年以降 に設置され た太陽光発 電設備由来 太陽光発電 量の 63 は 2012 年まで に設置され た太陽光発 電設備由来 年 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 第 4 図 2012 年から 2018 年における太陽光発電量の伸び 出所 Loreck (2013), S.24, Abb. 11. Mrd. 支 払 額 の 13 は 2013 年以降に設 置された太 陽光発電設 備由来 2017 2016 2015 支 払 額 の 87 は 2012 年までに設 置された太 陽光発電設 備由来 2014 2013 2012 年 第 5 図 2012 年から 2018 年における太陽光発電事業者に対する支払額の推移 出所 Loreck (2013), S.24, Abb. 12. 2011

603169 Loreck 2013, S.1314 460.44 kwh 20 12 8 37 15 2014 4 2012 2018 5 4

170 604 67 3 Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety 2011; Lutz u.a. 2014; Blazejczak et al. 2014 50Maier und Schmidt 2014, S.1617 UNIDEN2014 4.2 kwh 352013 3.78 kwh 4.3 kwh 6.2 kwh 2.2 2014 2013 1

605171 5 1 2 3 4 2010 2005No.2256186 2014 2014 No.26272109

172 606 67 3 Blazejczak, J. et al. (2014) Economic Effects of Renewable Energy Expansion : A Model- Based Analysis for Germany, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, pp.1070 1080. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie [BMWi] (2014a) Das Erneuerbare-Energien- Gesetz 2014 : Die wichtigsten Fakten zur Reform des EEG. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie [BMWi] (2014b) Reform des EEG : Wichtiger Schritt für den Neustart der Energiewende. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie [BMWi] (2014c) Eckpunkte für ein Anschreibungsdesign für Photovoltaik-Freiflächenanlagen. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie [BMWi] (2014d) FAQ zur Verordnung der PV- Pilotausschreibung ( Freiflächenausschreibungsverordnung ). Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2007) EEG The Future Renewable Energy Sources Act : The Success Story of Sustainable Policies for Germany. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2011) Renewably Employed : Short and Long-term Impacts of the Expansion of Renewable Energy on the German Labor Market. Frondel, M. et al. (2010) Economic Impacts from Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies : The German Experience, Energy Policy, 38, pp.40484056. Graichen, P. (2014) Zehn Fragen und Antworten zur Reform des Erneuerbare-Energien- Gesetzes 2014, Hintergrundpapier, Agora Energiewende. Häder, M., (2005) EEG Jobmotor oder Jobkiller?, EW, 104 (26), S.1822. Jacobsson, S. and V. Lauber (2006) The Politics and Policy of Energy System Transformation: Expanding the German Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technology, Energy Policy, 34, pp.256276. Loreck, C. (2013) Analyse der EEG: Umlage 2014, Öko-Institut e.v, Geschäftsstelle Freiburg und Büro Darmstadt. Lutz, C. u.a. (2014) Gesamtwirtschaftliche Effekte der Energiewende, Projekt Nr. 31/13 des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie, Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche

607173 Strukturforschung mbh (GWS), Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universität zu Köln (EWI), und Prognos AG. Maier, M. und J. Schmidt (2014) Erneuerbare Energien: Ein Gewinn für den Wirtschaftsstandort Deutschland, Renews Spezial, Ausgabe 72, Agentur für Erneuerbare Energie. Mayer, N. J. et al. (2015) Current and Future Cost of Photovoltaics: Long-term Scenarios for Market Development, System Prices and LCOE of Utility-Scale PV Systems, Fraunhofer ISE. Pregger, T., J. Nitsch und T. Naegler (2013) Long-term Scenarios and Strategies for the Deployment of Renewable Energies in Germany, Energy Policy, 59, pp.350360.

174 608 67 3 The Doshisha University Economic Review, Vol. 67 No. 3 Abstract Toru MOROTOMI, Marketization of Renewable Energy Policy: The Significance of the German Renewable Sources Act of 2014 The feed-in tariff system is a core instrument for renewable energy policy promotion. It has successfully contributed to the growth of renewable energy nearly all over the world, but it suffers the problem of cost expansion incurred by purchasing renewables at higher prices. The German Renewable Energy Sources Act of 2014 tackled this issue through a step-by-step reduction in remuneration/ feed-in tariffs as well as marketization of the renewable energy policy via direct selling, market premium, and auctioning. This paper discusses the significance of the Act and predicts that it will succeed in controlling the cost expansion issue.