A I Alfred Marshall 1842 1924 economic chivalry a fair rate of wage 2010 54 1 T 1885 Marshall 1898 a 2 1 Marshall 1925 366 1873 1880 1887 1907 55 2 2014
A 55 Groenewegen 1995 3 Yamamoto and Egashira 2012 4 1961; 1990; 1996 1890 1919 1923 Progress: Its Economic Conditions Reisman 1987 1; Keynes 1933 1972 231 II 1907 1 2 III IV 1887 1907 V II 1907 1 9 Hotel Cecil Social Possibilities of Economic Chivalry 5 6 5 8 1920 1907 19
56 55 2 Laissez faire Marshall 1907 a 336 Marshall 1907 a 334 36 Marshall 1887 b 222 IV S Sidney Webb 1859 1947 2008 35 Beer 1940 vol 2 285 / 136 37 1907 1907 7 8 chivalrous competition 9
A 57 III 1 19 Thomas Carlyle 1795 1881 Schumpeter 1954 1994 409 10 1907 2 1891 10 1875 Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803 1882 11 12 13 14 15 16 1875 4 1898 5 1907 17
58 55 2 Alfred Marshall to Brook Foss Westcott 20 January 1901 in Whitaker 1996 vol 2 Letter 627 293 2 18 the Captains of Industry fair competition Carlyle 1843 1969 146 Carlyle 1843 1969 177 cash-payment a Fighting World Carlyle 1843 1969 272 73 an Aristocracy Doggery Canaille Jötuns
A 59 Carlyle 1843 1969 271 72 1979 160 Carlyle 1843 1969 277 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 19 Chivalry of Labour Humanity Divineness of Labour Carlyle 1843 1969 279 50 Marshall 1907 a 330 Carlyle 1843 1969 342 20 Carlyle 1843 1969 184 86 21 3 fair wage 1815 1821 1838
60 55 2 Carlyle 1843 1969 20 A fair day s wage for a fair day s work Carlyle 1843 1969 18 22 Carlyle 1843 1969 21 Mammonism 20 J Joseph Chamberlain 1836 1914 1903 1906 23 sympathetic use of imagination 24 Marshall 1903 39 1887 L L 1887 Marshall 1887 b 214 fair wage a fair rate of wage Marshall 1885 182 83 25
A 61 1907 1887 1887 1907 IV 26 1887 1907 2 1 1887 Marshall 1887 b 212 1887 1907 fairness Marshall 1887 b 217 19 1880 Marshall 1887 b 214 15 Marshall 1887 b 217
62 55 2 27 Marshall 1887 b 217 fairness Marshall 1887 b 216 Marshall 1887 b 218 28 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Marshall 1887 b 218 Marshall 1885 182 83 29 2 industrial war Marshall 1887 a ix Marshall 1887 a 221 Marshall 1885 185 Marshall 1923 b
A 63 261 Marshall 1887 b 225 Marshall 1887 b 222 Marshall 1923 b 32 33 Marshall 1887 b 222 Marshall 1923 b 25 30 31 1885
64 55 2 Marshall 1923 b 263 1885 32 V 1887 1907 1887 1907 Marshall 1961 722
A 65 1 1961 4 4 4 4 4 1961 260 1961 235 36 1961 2 1890 4 1898 3 4 1971 10 Fujii 2009 270 chivalrous competition McWilliams- Tullberg 1975 111 2010 61 4 the standard of life Marshall 1961 689 5 1907 1 1906 5 T Thomas Henry Elliott 1854 1926 George Joachim Goschen 1831 1907 Thomas Elliott to Alfred Marshall 24 May 1906 in Whitaker 1996 vol 3 Letter 847 136 T D F David Frederick Schloss 1850 1912 10
66 55 2 1907 1 9 10 1906 10 2 3 10 Alfred Marshall to Thomas Elliott 25 May 1906 incomplete in Whitaker 1996 vol 3 Letter 848 137 38 1906 Richard Burdon Haldane 1856 1928 6 Marshall 1907 a 334 1907 a collectivism 7 Alfred Marshall to the Editor Tribune 11 January 1907 in Whitaker 1996 vol 3 Letter 863 150 8 Alfred Marshall to the Editor Tribune 11 January 1907 in Whitaker 1996 vol 3 Letter 863 150 9 Alfred Marshall to John Hilton 14 April 1919 in Whitaker 1996 vol 3 Letter 1091 363 10 Guillebaud 1961 141 11 1833 8 7 1949 287 173 1949 288 12 Alfred Marshall to Rebecca Marshall 26 June 1875 attached Enclosures on Ralph Waldo Emerson 25 June 1875 in Whitaker 1996 vol 1 Letter 25 61 13 Alfred Marshall to Rebecca Marshall 26 June 1875 attached Enclosures on Ralph Waldo Emerson 25 June 1875 in Whitaker 1996 vol 1 Letter 25 61 14 Schumpeter 1954 1994 410
A 67 15 Alfred Marshall to Rebecca Marshall 26 June 1875 attached Enclosures on Ralph Waldo Emerson 25 June 1875 in Whitaker 1996 vol 1 Letter 25 61 16 Alfred Marshall to Rebecca Marshall 26 June 1875 attached Enclosures on Ralph Waldo Emerson 25 June 1875 in Whitaker 1996 vol 1 Letter 25 61 17 Alfred Marshall to Brook Foss Westcott 20 January 1901 in Whitaker 1996 vol 2 Letter 627 293 18 1994; 1995 Groenewegen 2001 Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question 1849 19 1981 486 20 Marshall 1907 a 342 43 21 1926 1907 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Keynes 1926 1972 287 / 74 Keynes 1926 1972 292 93 / 85 22 1850 Marshall 1961 87 88 23 William Albert Samuel Hewins 1865 1931 Alfred Marshall to William Albert Samuel Hewins 21 May 1907 in Whitaker 1996 vol 3 Letter 872 p 159 24 Marshall 1903 41
68 55 2 Marshall 1903 40 2009 1989 2007 25 1885 Marshall 1885 182 83 A Standard of Purchasing Power 63 26 Marshall 1887 b 212 27 Marshall 1887 b 217 28 1873 sympathy Marshall 1873 104 Marshall 1873 102 Marshall 1961 663 29 Marshall 1907 a 344 30 1 10 100 1000 10 1 5 10 0 1 2 3 /4 31 Marshall 1923 b 31n 7 5 2 1 5 1 0 5 12 5 32 1890
A 69 1875 1883 Keynes 1933 1972 179 Edgeworth 1890 1998 11 1904 Marshall 1907 b vi 1919 1923 1870 1887 1907 20 Beer M 1940 A History of British Socialism Reprint edition 2 volumes London: George Allen and Unwin 4 1968 Carlyle T 1843 1969 Past and Present In The Works of Thomas Carlyle Vol X edited by H D Traill New York: AMS Press Edgeworth F Y 1890 1998 Principles of Economics by Prof Alfred Marshall The Academy 956:165 66 In Alfred Marshall: Critical Resposes vol 2 edited by P Groenewegen London; New York: Routledge: 8 13 Fujii K 2009 Marshall on Economic Chivalry and Business Ethics In Marshall and Schumpeter on Evolution: Economic Sociology of Capitalists Development edited by Y Shionoya and T Nishizawa Cheltenham Northampton: Edward Elgar: 264 73 Groenewegen P 1995 Soaring Eagle: Alfred Marshall 1842 1924 Aldershot: Edward Elgar - 2001 Thomas Carlyle The Dismal Science and the Contemporary Political Economy of Slavery History of Economics Reviews 34:74 94 Guillebaud C W 1961 Alfred Marshall: Principles of Economics Variorum edition Vol 2: Notes London and New York: Macmillan Kaplan F 2004 2012 Carlyle Thomas 1795 1881 : Author Biographer and Historian In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Univ Press http://www/oxforddnb com Keynes J M 1926 1972 The End of Laissez-faire In The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes Volume IX London: Macmillan 1972 2005:45 88-1933 1972 Essays in Biography In The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes Vol X London and New York: Macmillan and Cambridge Univ Press: 161 231 10 1980: 215 305 McWilliams-Tullberg R 1975 Marshall s Tendency to Socialism History of Political Economy 7 1 : 75 111 Marshall A 1867 The Law of Parsimony In Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology Archival Supplement 4:95 103-1868 Ye Machine In Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology Archival Supplement 4: 116 32-1873 The Future of Working Classes In Memorials of Alfred Marshall edited by A C Pigou London: Macmillan: 347 52 1991:193 218-1875 Some Features of American Industry In The Early Economic Writings of Alfred Marshall 1867 1890 Vol 2 edited by J K Whitaker London: Macmillan: 355 77-1885 How far do Remediable Causes Influence Prejudicially a the Continuity of Employment b the Rates of Wages? In Industrial Remuneration conference: The Report of the Proceedings and Papers, on the 28th, 29th, and 30th January 1885 London: Cassell: 173 99-1887 a Preface In Industrial Peace its Advantages, Methods, and Difficulties: A Report of an Inquiry made for the Toynbee Trustees by L L F R Price London: Macmillan: v xxvi
70 55 2-1887 b A Fair Rate of Wages In Memorials of Alfred Marshall edited by A C Pigou London: Macmillan: 212 26 1991: 257 75-1890 Principles of Economics 1st ed London: Macmillan - 1898 a Principles of Economics 4th ed London: Macmillan - 1898 b Distribution and Exchange Economic Journal 8 29 : 37 59-1903 Economic Teaching at the University in Relation to Public Well-Being Charity Organization Review 37 8 : 33 45-1903 1908 Memorandum on Fiscal Policy of International Trade In Official Papers edited by J M Keynes London: Macmillan 1926: 365 420 1903 47 2 47 3 48 1 1993 1994-1907 a Social Possibilities of Economic Chivalry In Memorials of Alfred Marshall edited by A C Pigou London: Macmillan: 323 46 1991: 128 60-1907 b Principles of Economics 5th ed London: Macmillan - 1919 Industry and Trade 1st ed London: Macmillan - 1923 a Industry and Trade 4th edition London: Macmillan 1986-1923 b Monery Credit and Commerce London: Macmillan 1988-1925 Fragments In Memorials of Alfred Marshall edited by A C Pigou London: Macmillan: 358 70-1961 Principles of Economics Variorum edition edited by C W Guillebaud London and New York: Macmillan 1985 Marshall A and M P Marshall 1879 The Economics of Industry London: Macmillan 1985 Patrick G A 2004 2012 Westcott Brooke Foss 1825 1901 Biblical Scholar and Bishop of Durham In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Univ Press http://www/oxforddnb com Reisman D 1987 Alfred Marshall: Progress and Politics Basingstoke: Macmillan Schumpeter J A 1954 1994 History of Economic Analysis New York: Oxford Univ Press 1955 Webb Sidney and Beatrice 1920 The History of Trade Unionism New York: Longmans 1873 Whitaker J K 1996 The Correspondence of Alfred Marshall: Economist Volume 1 2 3 Cambridge and New York: Cambridge Univ Press Yamamoto K and S Egashira 2012 Marshall s Organic Growth Theory European Journal of Economic Thought 19 2 : 227 48 1949 1942 13 40 1922 33 6 : 809 28-1979 2008 LSE 50 1 : 23 40 1971 5:1 19-2003 VS 3:61 72 2010 1981 127 8 : 488 89 2007 Manchester 69 3 : 75 88 1996 85 1990
A 71 214 50 1973 63 92 2007 1989 39 3 : 463 86 1961 1994 T 20:33 59-1995 T 30 4 : 61 96 1981 127 8 : 486 87 2009 59 2 : 57 80-2010 A 51 2 : 51 67 2008 41 75
72 55 2 Marshall and Carlyle: On the Relativity of Chivalry and Fair Wage in Their Thought Naoki Matsuyama This paper addresses the relativity of chivalry and fair wage in both Alfred Marshall s economics and Thomas Carlyle s works Particularly it is well-known that Marshall s theory of economic growth has two core notions: standard of life and economic chivalry but only the latter has not always been considered as an economic notion In order to define the theoretical implication of economic chivalry it is important to associate the economic chivalry with the economic concept of a fair rate of wage that is one of the fundamental conditions of economic growth The reason is that the common significance of both concepts is to make sure of the sense of the word fair on employment under the economic freedom In the meantime it must be noted that Carlyle s Past and Present 1843 which propounded the Captains of Industry to improve upon the condition of economic freedom as laissez-faire also illustrates the relativity of chivalry and fair wage This paper hence shows that Marshall s economic chivalry and a fair rate of wage has the philosophical similarity with Carlyle s chivalry of labour and fair wage principle Moreover the paper also demonstrates that there exists an ideological consistency between Marshall s A Fair Rate of Wages 1887 and his Social Possibilities of Economic Chivalry 1907 JEL classification numbers: B 13 B 31 J 30