1 3 1.1 PET..................................... 3 1.1.1......................................... 3 1.1.2 PET................................. 4 1.2..

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21 PET 06S2037G 2010 3

1 3 1.1 PET..................................... 3 1.1.1......................................... 3 1.1.2 PET................................. 4 1.2........................................ 5 2 MPPC 6 2.1........................................ 6 2.1.1.................................... 6 2.1.2 (APD)....................... 6 2.1.3 MPPC........................................ 7 2.2 MPPC................................... 8 2.3 MPPC.................................... 9 2.3.1 Gain......................................... 9 2.3.2 Noise Rate..................................... 10 2.3.3 Cross Talk...................................... 10 2.3.4.................................. 10 3 11 3.1................................... 11 3.1.1............................. 11 3.1.2.................................. 11 3.2................................... 12 3.2.1 BGO( )........................... 13 3.2.2 LFS( )............................... 14 3.2.3 LuAG Pr( )...... 14 4 BGO LFS LuAG 15 4.1........................................ 15 4.2 BGO.................................... 18 4.2.1 Pedestal................................... 18 4.2.2...................................... 18 4.3 LFS.................................... 20 4.3.1 Pedestal................................... 20 4.3.2...................................... 20 1

2 4.4 LuAG................................... 22 4.4.1 Pedestal................................... 22 4.4.2...................................... 22 5 24 5.1....................................... 24 5.2....................................... 24 26 A 27 A.1........................................ 27 A.2 Compton..................................... 28 A.3....................................... 29 31

1 3 1 1.1 PET PET Positron Emission Tomography PET 1.1.1 PET 1 3[mm] γ γ 0.511[MeV] 180 γ 1 PET 1.1 PET 1.2 18F- FDG( ) 3 8 1.2 18F-FDG

1 4 1.1.2 PET PET CT CT MRI 1.3 PET-CT PET CT PET PET PET CT MRI 10 20 PET PET PET 70 1.4 PET 1.3 PET-CT

1 5 1.4 1.2 PET BGO( ) ( ) LuAG Pr( ) MPPC(Multi-Pixel Photon Counter) PET

2 MPPC 6 2 MPPC 2.1 2.1.1 2.1 PMT(Photomultiplier Tube) (Photocathode) (Dynode) (Anode) (Electrode) 10 5 10 8 2.1 2.1.2 (APD) p n (APD) APD 10 100 pn

2 MPPC 7 2.2 2.2 p n APD 2.1.3 MPPC MPPC Multi-Pixel Photon Counter APD MPPC

2 MPPC 8 2.3 MPPC 2.3 MPPC 2.2 MPPC 2.4 MPPC APD APD 2.5 APD 4ns MPPC 1 1 2.4 MPPC

2 MPPC 9 2.5 APD 2.3 MPPC MPPC 2.3.1 Gain Gain G Q Q = eg (2.1) e 1.6 10 19 C MPPC 1 C V bias V 0 1 Q = C(V bias V 0 ) (2.2) (2.1) Gain G = C e (V bias V 0 ) (2.3)

2 MPPC 10 2.3.2 Noise Rate MPPC 1 Noise Rate Noise Rate MPPC 1 2.3.3 Cross Talk APD Cross Talk MPPC MPPC Noise Rate 2.3.4 (Photon Detective Efficiency PDE) = (2.4)

3 11 3 3.1 10 9 10 8 s 0 1 1 3 1 t I τ I 0 ( I = I 0 exp t ) τ (3.1) τ 2 3ns 3 1 1 3 1ms 3.1.1 POPOP(1,4- [5- -2- ] ) 3.1.2 PPO(2,5- ) butyl-pdb(2-[4-tert- ]-1,3,4- )

3 12 3.2 PET PET γ PET PET 1 PET 3.1 t I τ I 0

3 13 ( I = I 0 exp t ) τ (3.2) 3.1 3.2.1 BGO( ) BGO(Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 ) 1970 NaI Tl 7 10 Bi γ γ BGO Bi 3+ Bi 3+ (Stokes shift) PET BGO 3.2 BGO 3.2 BGO

3 14 3.2.2 LFS( ) LFS LSO( ) LFS PET TOF-PET PET 3.3 LFS 3.3 LFS 3.2.3 LuAG Pr( ) LuAG Pr 2004 Pr 3+ LuAG PET 3.4 LuAG LuAG BGO LFS LuAG PET PEM(Positron Emission Mammography) MRI-PET 1 30 PEM 3.4 LuAG

4 BGO LFS LuAG 15 4 BGO LFS LuAG 4.1 1mm 1mm MPPC 3mm 3mm 15mm BGO LFS LuAG MPPC 3mm 3mm 4.1 4.2 4.2 Signal Gate (Self Trigger) 4.1 MPPC BGO LFS 4.2

4 BGO LFS LuAG 16 4.3 22 Na 22 Na β + 0.51[MeV] PET γ 12cm 4.3 BGO LFS LuAG BGO LFS LuAG Gate BGO Signal Gate 2.2µs Discriminator 100mV MPPC 71.1V 4.4 BGO Signal

4 BGO LFS LuAG 17 4.5 LFS Signal 4.6 LuAG Signal 4.4 BGO 4.5 LFS 4.6 LuAG Signal Gate LFS LuAG Signal BGO

4 BGO LFS LuAG 18 4.2 BGO 4.2.1 Pedestal BGO Pedestal 22 Na ADC Gaussian fitting 4.7 4.7 BGO Pedestal ADC 1 0.25[pC] Pedestal Mean 87.45 ± 0.25[pC] (4.1) 4.2.2 BGO Pedestal 22 Na 4.8 ADC Gaussian fitting PET 0.51[MeV] 0.51[MeV] fitting

4 BGO LFS LuAG 19 4.8 BGO ADC BGO Mean 324.25 ± 0.75[pC] (4.2) (4.1) (4.2) BGO 324.25 87.45 = 236.8[pC] (4.3) 0.79[pC] (4.4) BGO (4.3) (4.4) 236.8 ± 0.79[pC] (4.5)

4 BGO LFS LuAG 20 4.3 LFS 4.3.1 Pedestal BGO LFS Pedestal 22 Na ADC Gaussian fitting 4.9 4.9 LFS Pedestal Pedestal Mean 50.65 ± 0.275[pC] (4.6) 4.3.2 LFS Pedestal 22 Na 4.10 ADC Gaussian fitting 0.51[MeV] fitting

4 BGO LFS LuAG 21 4.10 LFS ADC LFS Mean 501 ± 0.675[pC] (4.7) (4.6) (4.7) LFS 501 50.65 = 450.35[pC] (4.8) 0.73[pC] (4.9) LFS (4.8) (4.9) 450.35 ± 0.73[pC] (4.10)

4 BGO LFS LuAG 22 4.4 LuAG 4.4.1 Pedestal LuAG Pedestal 22 Na ADC Gaussian fitting 4.11 4.11 LuAG Pedestal Pedestal Mean 39.15 ± 0.3[pC] (4.11) 4.4.2 LuAG Pedestal 22 Na 4.12 ADC Gaussian fitting BGO fitting 0.51[MeV]

4 BGO LFS LuAG 23 4.12 LuAG ADC LuAG Mean 146.6 ± 0.475[pC] (4.12) (4.11) (4.12) LuAG 146.68 39.15 = 107.53[pC] (4.13) 0.56[pC] (4.14) LuAG (4.13) (4.14) 107.53 ± 0.56[pC] (4.15)

5 24 5 5.1 (4.5) (4.10) (4.15) BGO LFS LuAG 236.8 ± 0.79[pC] 450.35 ± 0.73[pC] 107.525 ± 0.56[pC] LFS BGO 2 LuAG BGO 1 LFS BGO 8 10 LuAG BGO 3 LFS 2 LuAG 1/2 LuAG BGO BGO LFS Setting BGO BGO 2 BGO Signal Gate LFS BGO 1/10 BGO LFS Signal Signal PET 180 coincidence BGO LuAG 1 LuAG BGO BGO LuAG BGO MPPC 1 BGO LFS LuAG 480[nm] 416[nm] 310[nm] MPPC 320 900[nm] 440[nm] BGO LFS LuAG BGO LuAG LuAG MPPC 310[nm] 5.2 LFS γ BGO PET PET LuAG BGO LFS LFS BGO 3 1

5 25 LFS PET LFS 1 TOF(Time Of Flight)-PET PET γ 1 TOF-PET LFS LuAG TOF-PET PET PET 1 PET PET

26 22 3 21

A 27 A Compton γ X x [cm] I I = I 0 e µx µ 0 µ Compton µ photo µ comp µ pair µ = µ photo + µ comp + µ pair A.1 hν 0 T = hν I n (I n T A.1

A 28 Z 5 Z Compton Al 50[keV] Pb 500[keV] hν 0 µ photo µ photo = NZ 5 (hν 0 ) 7 2 ( A.1) N A.2 Compton Compton θ A-2 A-3 Compton A-3 hν 0 hν T θ δ A.2 Compton A.3 Compton

A 29 hν hν 0 hν = hν 0 1 + (1 cosθ) (hν 0 /mc 2 ) ( A.2) T T = hν 0 hν = hν 0 1 + mc 2 /hν 0 (1 cosθ) ( A.3) m c Compton Z Al 0.05 15[MeV] Pb 0.5 5[MeV] Compton µ comp hν 0 ( µ comp NZ = ln 2hν 0 hν 0 mc 2 + 1 ) 2 N ( A.4) A.3 A-4 hν 0 mc 2 2 hν 0 2mc 2 = 1.02[MeV ] ( ) γ A.4

A 30 γ γ 1.02[MeV] 10 10 10 9 (hν) = mc 2 = 0.51[MeV ] Z 2 Al 15[MeV] Pb 5[MeV] µ pair hν 0 { µ pair NZ ( 2 hν 0 2mc 2) ( hν 0 2mc 2 ( 1MeV ) ) = ( NZ 2 ln hν 0 hν0 2mc2) ( A.5) N Pb γ A-5 A.5 Pb

31 [1] PET http://www.pet-net.jp/ [2] PET http://medical.nikkeibp.co.jp/all/special/pet/index.html [3] http://www.omh.ogaki.gifu.jp/ [4] http://www.atomin.go.jp/atomin/index.html [5] http://jp.hamamatsu.com/ [6] MPPC 2008 [7] MPPC 2009 [8] EL 2006 [9] http://www.rist.or.jp/index.html [10] KEK 2007 [11] 2002 [12] ZECOTEK http://www.zecotek.com/ [13] Pr:LuAG PEM MRI/PET 2008 [14] Pr:LuAG 2008 [15] TGEM 2009 [16] SLHC MicroMEGAS 2008