Whyte 1952 rationalized conformity Whyte Cartwright & Zander 1953 Janis 1972 Whyte 1952 Irving Janis Charlotte Janis Janis Janis, 1972, 1982 Janis 198



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Transcription:

Janis 1972, 1982 groupthink group think groupthink p t Janis 1982 Janis, 1982, p. 9Janis 1982 George Orwell doublethink crimethink thought crime Janis doublethink crimethink Orwell Janis 1972, 1982 J. F. Janis 1952 Janis Whyte 1952 Whyte Whyte

Whyte 1952 rationalized conformity Whyte Cartwright & Zander 1953 Janis 1972 Whyte 1952 Irving Janis Charlotte Janis Janis Janis, 1972, 1982 Janis 1982 Charotte Orwell Whyte Janis 1982 J. F. F. D. H. S. L. B R. M.

Janis 1982 J. F G. C. Sorensen F. D. D. R. M. CIA CIA A. D. R. L. A. R. CIA CIA Bay of Pigs Bahia de Cochinos

CIA CIA Janis 1982 OBSERVABLE CONSEQUENCES Janis, 1982.

collective rationalization Janis 1982 Janis 1982 F. D. Janis 1982 Janis 1982 DC

F. D. H. E. F. D. C. H. L. F. H. E. W. W. W. W. S. face-to-face C.

J. B. H. E. H. M. E. most all W. F.

W. S. in group R. M. Colodny & Gettlin, 1991Huldeman&DiMona, 1978Woodward, 2005 R. M. DC J. W. CIA M. H. CIA J. D. H. R. J. N. C. G. G. FBI G. S. J. N. J. W. J. S.

A. A. P. G. R. L. Janis 1982 Raven 1974 Raven 1974

Raven, 1974. Raven 1974 Cartwright 1969 Raven 1998 Janis 1972, 1982 Raven 1994, 1998

Raven 1998 runaway norm Raven Raven Stoner, 1961 group polarization Moscovici & Zavalloni, 1969 Raven 1998 p. ix J. F. F. D. R. M. Janis Janis Raven

J. F. U2 J. F. CIA J Excom R. Excom J. F. Janis 1982 Janis Raven Baron 2005 Janis Baron social identificationsalient normlow self efficacy

Lewis 1981 Orwell p. 140 groupthink Whyte Whyte, 1952, p. 146 Baron, R. S. 2005 So right it s wrong: Groupthink and the ubiquitous nature of polarized group decision making. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 219253. Cartwright, D. 1968 The nature of group cohesiveness. In Cartwright, D. & Zander, A. Eds. Group dynamics: Research and theory. 3 rd ed. pp. 91109. New York: Harper & Row. D. A. A. Cartwright, D. & Zander, A. Eds. 1953 Group dynamics: Research and theory. Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson. L. R. Colodony, L. & Gettlin, R. 1991 Silent coup; The removal of a president. New York: St. Martin s. H. R. J. Haldeman, H. R. & DiMona, J. 1978 The end of power. New York: The New York Times Books.. pp. 115141. Janis, I. L. 1972 Victims of groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Janis, I. L. 1982 Janis, I. L. 1982 Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes. 2 nd ed.. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. P. Lewis, P. 1981 George Orwell: The road to 1984. London: Quixote Press. 1994 JFK G. Morgenstern,G. 1947 Pear Harbor: The story of the secret war. New York: Devin- Adar. G. Orwell, G. 1949 Nineteen

eighty-four. London: Secker & Wauburg. Raven, B. H. 1974 The Nixon group. Journal of Social Issues, 30, 297320. Raven, B. H. 1998 Groupthnk: Bay of Pigs and Watergate reconsidered. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73, 352361. T. C. Sorensen, T. C. 1965 Kennedy. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 207 Whyte, W. H., Jr. 1952 Groupthink. Fortune, March, 1952, pp. 114117, p. 142, & p. 146. B. Woodward, B. 2005 The secret man: The story of Watergate s Deep Throught. New York: Simon Schuster.