(Cherenkov Telescope Array : CTA) (Large-Sized Telescope : LST) 2f CTA CTA CTA CTA-Japan LST CTA CTA 3 20 GeV 100 TeV 20 GeV 1000 GeV LST 23 m 23 m 1.

CTA - 2f - 2015 ( 27 ) 14NM160L

(Cherenkov Telescope Array : CTA) (Large-Sized Telescope : LST) 2f CTA CTA CTA CTA-Japan LST CTA CTA 3 20 GeV 100 TeV 20 GeV 1000 GeV LST 23 m 23 m 1.51 m 198 56 m 58.4 m 28 m LST 4 8 1600 CTA LST f (28 m 29.2 m) 80 % (D80) Pixel 50 mm 1/3 16.6 mm ( 0.03 ) 2f 2f 2 (2f) 2f LED ON OFF 2f 5 6

1 mm 2f 1 mm 1f 0.5 mm 2f 2f 300 nm 550 nm 85 % 470 nm LED 2f 90 % 89.4 % 93.3 % 5 % 2f 2

1 Introduction 10 1.1.......................... 10 1.2...................................... 10 1.2.1............................. 11 1.3............................... 13 1.3.1............................... 13 1.3.2.............................. 15 1.3.3........................... 16 1.4......................... 16 1.4.1.............................. 17 1.4.2............................... 18 2 Cherenkov Telescope Array, CTA 19 2.1 CTA..................................... 19 2.1.1 CTA............................. 20 2.1.2 CTA-Japan........................... 20 2.2 Large-Sized Telescope (LST).................. 22 2.2.1 LST................................ 22 2.2.2 LST............................ 24 2.2.3 LST......................... 26 2.3 LST................................ 28 2.3.1.................................. 29 2.3.2.................................. 30 2.3.3.......................... 32 3 33 3.1 2f.................................. 33 3.1.1 2f................................. 33 3.1.2........................... 35 3.2 2f.............................. 38 3.2.1 2f.............. 38 3.2.2.................................. 39 3.3 2f....................... 47 3.3.1........................... 47 3.3.2 2f................... 49 3.3.3.................................. 51 1

3.3.4.............................. 58 3.3.5 :....................... 60 3.3.6.......................... 61 3.3.7 Cd33................................ 63 3.3.8............................... 65 3.3.9.................................. 66 3.4 2f............ 72 3.4.1......................... 72 3.4.2......................... 76 3.4.3.................................. 77 3.4.4................. 85 3.4.5 Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD).... 86 4 88 4.1...................................... 88 4.2...................................... 89 4.3............................. 91 4.3.1.............................. 91 4.3.2 LED............................. 96 4.4.................................... 102 4.4.1.............................. 102 4.4.2................................... 103 4.4.3.............................. 108 5 110 A High Dynamic Range (HDR) 112 B 2f 117 C 134 2

1.1 [1]............................. 10 1.2 [2].................................... 11 1.3 [2].............................. 11 1.4 [2]............................... 11 1.5 π 0 [2]................................ 12 1.6 - [2]............................... 12 1.7 [3]...................... 13 1.8 [3].......................... 14 1.9 [4].......................... 15 1.10 [5]....... 15 1.11.................. 16 1.12 CORSIKA [9]..... 17 1.13 [5]............ 18 1.14 ( ) ( ) [10]. 18 2.1 CTA [11]............................. 19 2.2 CTA ( ) MAGIC ( ) H.E.S.S. ( ) [12] 19 2.3 "Kifune plot" X VHE [12]........................ 20 2.4 CTA 3 [13]........................... 21 2.5 [12].... 21 2.6 Large-Sized Telescope (LST) ( / CTA )................................. 22 2.7 Large-Sized Telescope (LST)................... 23 2.8 [14]................................. 24 2.9 MAGIC AMC [15]...................... 25 2.10 CTA [16]........................ 25 2.11 CMOS [17]................................. 25 2.12 [12]........................... 26 2.13 CTA PMT (R11920-100-20)......................... 26 2.14................................... 27 2.15 PMT [18]............................... 27 2.16................................... 28 2.17 [19]................................. 28 2.18 cold slump [12]........................... 30 2.19 [10]............................ 31 3

2.20 [20]......................... 31 2.21 [14]...................... 31 2.22 [21].............................. 32 2.23 [21]............................ 32 3.1 [10]........................ 33 3.2 2f....................... 34 3.3 pixel [10]................ 35 3.4 [10]...................... 36 3.5 D80 [10]........................... 37 3.6 D80......................... 37 3.7 LED........................................ 38 3.8 [10].................................. 38 3.9................................... 39 3.10.............................. 40 3.11 No.70 (1/5 )............................ 40 3.12 No.70 (1 )............................. 41 3.13 No.70 (3.2 )............................ 41 3.14 No.70 (1 )............................ 43 3.15....................... 45 3.16 USB PC....................... 47 3.17................. 48 3.18.......................... 48 3.19 LED........................................ 49 3.20.......................... 49 3.21.................................. 50 3.22...................................... 51 3.23.................................... 51 3.24 2f......................... 52 3.25 No.75 D80........................ 52 3.26 No.75....................... 52 3.27 No.75 11............................. 52 3.28.................. 54 3.29 No.76 D80........................ 55 3.30 No.76....................... 55 3.31 No.76 5.............................. 55 3.32.................................... 56 3.33 ON OFF...................... 56 3.34 LED SUPERSTAR PAR16 50 25....................... 58 3.35 LED................................ 58 3.36............................. 58 3.37............................ 59 3.38 2f............................... 59 4

3.39 2f ( No.70).... 60 3.40 D80.............................. 60 3.41................... 61 3.42.................... 62 3.43 Cd33.................................... 63 3.44 D80 Cd33..................... 64 3.45 D80 ( : )[10].... 65 3.46 D80 ( : )............. 65 3.47 Cd33 ( : )............ 66 3.48 No.70.................................. 67 3.49 No.71.................................. 68 3.50 No.72.................................. 69 3.51 No.74.................................. 70 3.52 No.75.................................. 71 3.53 LED : OSB5XNE3C1S............................ 72 3.54 LED................................ 72 3.55 LED : CC1000EH................ 73 3.56 LED............................ 73 3.57 LED............................ 74 3.58....................... 74 3.59.............................. 74 3.60 LED....................... 74 3.61.......................... 75 3.62 r 100................... 76 3.63.......................... 77 3.64 No.70 D80......................... 78 3.65............................... 79 3.66 PC............................ 80 3.67 NewLens (S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM)................ 81 3.68 OldLens (EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS II)................ 81 3.69 1.................. 82 3.70 D80 ( : ). 83 3.71 Cd33 ( : ) 83 3.72 D80 ( : ).............. 84 3.73 Cd33 ( : ).............. 84 3.74..................... 85 3.75 2f PMD (No.70)................... 86 3.76 2f PMD (No.75)................... 87 3.77 2f PMD (No.77)................... 87 3.78 2f PMD (No.81)................... 87 4.1 2f.................... 88 4.2............................... 89 5

4.3................................... 90 4.4..................... 91 4.5 LED.............................. 92 4.6 LED.............................. 92 4.7 LED 60 m........................... 93 4.8 LED 60 m........................... 93 4.9 60 m......................... 94 4.10 60 m LED (ON BG)................ 95 4.11 LED............... 97 4.12 (1).................................... 97 4.13 (2).................................... 98 4.14.................................... 99 4.15.......................... 99 4.16............................. 101 4.17 LED ( ).................. 101 4.18 LED (2f ).................. 101 4.19.......................... 102 4.20............................ 103 4.21 2f................... 104 4.22............................ 104 4.23.............................. 104 4.24................................... 106 4.25....................... 106 4.26......................... 106 4.27 (1)............................... 107 4.28 (2)............................... 107 A.1 1/5...................... 113 A.2 3.2....................... 113 A.3 HDR............................... 113 A.4 HDR.......................... 114 A.5 (1/5 3.2 ) HDR.............. 114 A.6 ( ) Y = 1480 ( )............ 115 A.7 ( ) Y = 1480 ( ).... 115 A.8..................... 116 B.1 R................................. 118 B.2 D80...................................... 118 B.3 R vs D80..................................... 118 B.4 No.76.................................. 124 B.5 No.77.................................. 125 B.6 No.78.................................. 126 B.7 No.79.................................. 127 B.8 No.80.................................. 128 6

B.9 No.81.................................. 129 B.10 No.82.................................. 130 B.11 No.83.................................. 131 B.12 No.84.................................. 132 B.13 No.85.................................. 133 C.1 EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS............. 134 C.2 EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS 1........ 135 C.3 EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM........... 136 C.4 EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM 1.... 136 C.5 EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM 1.... 137 7

2.1.............................. 21 2.2 Large-Sized Telescope (LST)................ 23 2.3 LST......................... 30 3.1 2f [10]..................... 38 3.2 D80....................... 42 3.3 D80............................ 42 3.4 No.70 No.75 (No.73 ).................. 43 3.5 R D80.......................... 44 3.6 2f...................... 50 3.7 D80 ( No.75)............. 53 3.8 D80 ( No.75).............. 54 3.9 OFF D80 ( No.70)........ 57 3.10............................ 62 3.11....................... 66 3.12 D80.................. 78 3.13 D80......................... 79 3.14 D80................ 80 3.15 D80.. 82 3.16 No.70............... 85 3.17 2f PMD.............................. 86 4.1 (LED)........................ 89 4.2 No.70.................................. 90 4.3 LED............................... 95 4.4 LED (12 3 ).... 96 4.5 LED (12 4 ).... 96 4.6 LED (12 3 )......................... 97 4.7 LED (12 4 (1))....................... 98 4.8 LED (12 4 (2))....................... 98 4.9 LED (12 4 (3))....................... 99 4.10 LED ( )....................... 105 4.11......................... 106 4.12 Fitting................................ 107 4.13.................................. 108 4.14.................................. 108 8

B.1 2f LST.................. 117 9

1 Introduction 1.1 1911-12 Victor Franz Hess 90 % 9 % 1 % 100 10 19 ev 1.2 kev X TeV (= 10 12 ev) 1.1: [1] 10

1.2.1 E /E 1.2: [2] 1.3: [2] 10 GeV MeV γ 1.4: [2] 11

π 0 π 0 p + p p + p + π 0 + π + + π π 0 γ + γ (1.1) π 0 8.4 10 17 s 2 π 0 67.5 MeV(π 0 ) 1.5: π 0 [2] ( ) 2 1.6: - [2] 12

1.3 2008 300 GeV 1.3.1 ( ) ( 83 MeV) 1.7: [3] 13

2 1.8: [3] 14

1.3.2 (c/n) ( 1.9) c n βc θ cos θ = 1/(βn) n 300 nm 1 1.00029 1.3 β 1/n E E m e c 2 / 1 1/n 2 = 21 MeV (m e : ) λ2 ( ) 1 dλ N = 2πα 1 λ 1 (βn(λ)) 2 λ 2 α 1/137 λ 1 λ 2 1 TeV ( 1.10) 1 m 2 50 1.9: [4] 1.10: [5] 15

1.3.3 1 TeV 1.4 1.3.1 1.11: MAGIC [6] VERITAS [7] H.E.S.S. [8] 16

1.4.1 (Imaging Air Cherenkov Technique : IACT) 1.12 1.13 2 1.12: CORSIKA [9] : : ( ) 17

1.4.2 1.13: [5] 1 2 1.14: ( ) ( ) [10] 18

2 Cherenkov Telescope Array, CTA 2.1 CTA TeV Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) ( 2.1) 3 H.E.S.S, MAGIC, VERITAS (1 m Crab 10 14 erg s 1 cm 2 ) 20 GeV 100 TeV ( 2.2) 31 1200 2.1: CTA [11] 2.2: CTA ( ) MAGIC ( ) H.E.S.S. ( ) [12] CTA GeV Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) (GRB : Gamma-Ray Burst) Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) 100 GeV 10 TeV 19

10 TeV 100 CTA 1000 ( 2.3) 2.3: "Kifune plot" X VHE [12] 2.1.1 CTA CTA 23 m Large-Sized Telescope (LST) 12 m Midium-Sized Telescope (MST) 4 m Small-Sized Telescope (SST) 3 ( 2.4) ( 2.5) CTA 20 GeV 100 TeV 2.1 2.1.2 CTA-Japan 100 CTA-Japan PHYS ( ) MC ( ) FPI (Focal Plane Instrument/ ) ELEC ( ) MIR ( ) CAL ( ) Large-Sized Telescope (LST) CTA CTA-Japan 15 % 20

2.4: CTA 3 [13] :LST :MST :SST 2.1: LST MST SST 23 m 10-12 m 4.3 m 20 GeV - 1 TeV 100 GeV - 10 TeV 5 TeV - 300 TeV Parabolic Davies-Cotton Davies-Cotton or or Schwarzschild-Couder Schwarzschild-Couder 368 m 2 100 m 2 37 m 2 28 m 15 m 7 m 4.5 6-8 10 2.5: [12] 21

2.2 Large-Sized Telescope (LST) CTA-Japan Large-Sized Telescope (LST) ( 2.6) LST LST 198 4 LST 1600 Active Mirror Control (AMC) 2.6: Large-Sized Telescope (LST) ( / CTA ) 2.2.1 LST LST ( 2.7) 23 m 368 m 2 400 m 2 MAGIC 240 m 2 1.5 50 p.e. 100 p.e. MAGIC 50 p.e. 50 GeV LST 1.5 1 20 GeV 30 GeV LST 20 GeV 1 TeV follow up follow up 22

CTA CTA LST 100 20 180 2.2 LST 2.7: Large-Sized Telescope (LST) 2.2: Large-Sized Telescope (LST) (D) 23 m 368 m 2 (f) 28 m (f/d = 1.2) Parabolic 4.5 2.25 m Pixel 50 mm < 100 t 180 /20 s Active Mirror Control System (AMC) 23

2.2.2 LST LST 198 ( 2.8) 1.51 m AMC 2.3.1 2.8: [14] :Active Mirror Control (AMC) LST (Active Mirror Control : AMC) MAGIC ( 2.9) ( 2.10) MAGIC AMC CTA CMOS ( 2.11) 2.8 CMOS LST 24

2.9: MAGIC AMC [15] 2.10: CTA [16] 2.11: CMOS [17] 25

2.2.3 LST LST ( 2.12) (PMT) ( 2.13) 1855 1855 PMT CCD PMT ( 2.14) 1 1 Pixel ( 50 mm 0.1 ) PMT 7 1 PMT ( 2.15) LST 2000 PMT 19 2.12: [12] 2500 kg 2.13: CTA PMT (R11920-100-20) CTA-Japan 26

2.14: PMT PMT 2.15: PMT [18] 27

2.3 LST LST 1.51 m ( 2.16) 2.2.2 AMC CMOS 10 cm AMC 2.17 2mm LST 198 CTA 8 LST 1600 1600 CTA-Japan 40 90 2.16: 2.17: [19] 28

2.3.1 2.2.1 2.2 LST 2.3 1510 mm AMC CMOS 10 cm LST 50 kgf 50 kgf 80 mm LST 2.7 mm 60 mm 2.7 mm LST 1 Pixel 50 mm 1/3 16.6 mm 80 % 80 % D80 28 m 29.2 m LST LST 28 m 29.2 m 300 nm 550 nm 85 % CTA 1 % ( ) LST 10 29

2.3: LST 1510 mm (flat-flat) Hex < 50 kgf < 80 mm D80 < 16.6 mm at 1f > 85% at 300-550 nm (> 90% at 400 nm) < 1 %/yr IP66 > 10 2.3.2 2.3.1 1600 cold slump ( 2.18) cold slump 1 INAF (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica) MAGIC 100 LST 60 mm ( 2.19) 2.7 mm 65.4 mm 47 kgf 2.18: cold slump [12] 30

2.19: [10] 5 (Cr+Al+SiO 2 +HfO 2 +SiO 2 ) ( 2.20) LST 2.8 m 9 m ( 2.21) LST 2.20: [20] 2.21: [14] 31

2.3.3 ( 2.22) 5 AMC 2 cm ( 2.23) 2.22: [21] 2.23: [21] 3 32

3 3.1 2f 2.3.1 2f 3.1.1 2f 2f 2f f(focal length) 2 3.1 h = R sin θ = (R f) sin 2θ (3.1) θ sin θ θ sin 2θ 2θ (3.1) h Rθ = (R f)2θ R 2f (3.2) R 2f 3.1: [10] 33

2f (2f) ( ) 2f 2f f 2f 1/2 2f (D80) 1 f 16.6 mm 2 33.2 mm 2f D80 < 16.6 mm at 1f D80 < 33.2 mm at 2f 2f 3.2 LED LED ON OFF LST 56 m 58.4 m 3 5 7 11 7 3.2: 2f 34

3.1.2 3.2.1 LED (ON) (OFF) LED ON LED 2f LED OFF ON OFF D80 1) RAW 2) 3) D80 3 1) RAW RAW (Canon.CR2 ) JPEG RAW RAW dcraw[22] ImageMagick[23] 2 dcraw RAW FITS FITS 2:1:1 CMOS 1 Canon EOS Kiss X5 FITS 5202 pixel 3465 pixel 1800 3.3 2602 pixel 1732 pixel 4 1 pixel 0.1 mm DS9[24] FITS 3.3: pixel [10] 1500 pixel 1500 pixel 15 cm 15 cm 35

2) ON OFF 1:1 OFF ON OFF OFF 200 pixel ON ( 3.4) ON OFF A M m ON OFF I ON,m I OF F,m A A = 1 M M m=1 I ON,m ION,m = I OF F,m I OF F,m (3.3) A OFF n I A,n I A,n = I ON,n A I OF F,n (3.4) 3.4 ON OFF 3.4: [10] 36

3) D80 I A,n (x G, y G ) 600 pixel 600 pixel N x G = N I A,n x n n=1 y G = N x n n=1 N I A,n y n n=1 (3.5) N y n n=1 (x G, y G ) r r 100 r 100 I A,100 I A,100 80 % I A,80 r 80 D80 4πr 2 dr dr = 1 pixel 80 % I A,80 r 80 r 80 2 D80 ( 3.5) r 100 750 pixel 750pixel 750 pixel I A,100 ( 3.6) 3.5: D80 [10] 3.6: D80 37

3.2 2f 2f 3.1.1 ( R) 0.5 m (R±0.5 m) 3 3 ON OFF 3.2.1 2f LST 28 m 29.2 m 2f 60 m 3.2.1 LED 2f 2f 3.1: 2f [10] ( or ) LED(OSRAM : LED SUPERSTAR PAR16 50 25 ) ( ) (Canon : EOS 60D) 1/5, 1, 3.2 s (F ) 6.3 ISO(CMOS ) 100 5184 3456 (5202 3465) 1 (Canon : EF-S55-250mm f/4-5.6 IS II) 250.0 mm 3.7: LED : (OFF) : (ON) 3.8: [10] 1 FITS 38

LED OSRAM LED SUPERSTAR PAR16 50 25 ( 3.7) 5 W 50 W 60 m ( 3.8) pixel Canon EOS 60D EF-S55-250mm f/4-5.6 IS II 5184 3456 (F ) 6.3 1/5 1 3.2 3 ISO 100 ISO CMOS ( ) 3.2.2 15 cm LED ( R ) 3 m ON ( 3.9) 3 ON LED OFF ON OFF 0.5 m 3 3.9: 3.9 2f ( 3.10) 39

3.10: 2f No.70 No.75 (No.73 ) No.70 3 ( 3.11, 3.12, 3.13 3.2) 3.11: No.70 (1/5 ) 40

3.12: No.70 (1 ) 3.13: No.70 (3.2 ) 41

3.2: D80 [ ] D80 [pixel] 1/5 278 1 278 3.2 286 3.11, 3.12, 3.13 2 ( ) z ( ) x ( ) y ( ) 3.2 D80 3.13 ( ) D80 1/5 1 1 s D80 (S/N ) D80 3 y 3 3.11 No.70 1 1500 pixel 1500 pixel 1050 pixel 1500 pixel 200 pixel 3.3: D80 278 pixel 276 pixel 42

3.14: No.70 (1 ) D80 No.70 No.75 3.4 3.4: No.70 No.75 (No.73 ) [m] [ ] A D80 [pixel] D80 [mm] 2 No.70 56.35 1/5 1.00049 280 28.0 1 1.00067 276 27.6 3.2 1.01251 284 28.4 55.85 1/5 1.00016 378 37.8 1 1.00183 378 37.8 3.2 1.00166 380 38.0 56.85 1/5 1.00033 340 34.0 1 1.00323 336 33.6 3.2 1.0067 336 33.6 No.71 56.35 1/5 - - - 1 1.00374 276 27.6 3.2 - - - 55.85 1/5 1.00241 378 37.8 1 1.00233 378 37.8 3.2 1.00974 368 36.8 56.85 1/5 0.999939 346 34.6 1 1.00187 348 34.8 3.2 1.00963 350 35.0 43

[m] [ ] A D80 [pixel] D80 [mm] 2 No.72 55.85 1/5 1.00006 284 28.4 1 1.00043 284 28.4 3.2 1.00325 294 29.4 55.35 1/5 1.0004 380 38.0 1 1.0017 378 37.8 3.2 1.00526 380 38.0 56.35 1/5 - - - 1 1.00185 378 37.8 3.2 1.00786 380 38.0 No.74 56.00 1/5 1.00132 278 27.8 1 1.00931 284 28.4 3.2 1.02465 300 30.0 55.50 1/5 1.00055 386 38.6 1 1.00324 408 40.8 3.2 1.00745 400 40.0 56.50 1/5 0.999923 382 38.2 1 0.999462 360 36.0 3.2 1.01023 388 38.8 No.75 57.175 1/5 1.00092 346 34.6 1 0.997414 318 31.8 3.2 1.00837 328 32.8 56.675 1/5 1.00096 460 46.0 1 1.00092 428 42.8 3.2 1.02139 478 47.8 56.675 1/5 - - - 1 - - - 3.2 - - - ( R) ( ) D80 3.5 D80 33.2 mm 3.5: R D80 No.70 No.71 No.72 No.74 No.75 R [m] 56.35 56.35 55.85 56.00 57.175 D80 [mm] 27.8 27.6 28.7 28.7 33.1 2 1 pixel = 0.1 mm 44

D80 3.5 3 3 3 D80 D80 56 m 58.4 m D80 3 ( 3.15) 3.15: 45

3.4 3.2 s A = 1.01 A = 1.02 1 % 2 % ON OFF 1 s 0.1 % 0.1 % 2048 1 pixel 2 count 1500 pixel 1500 pixel 4.5 10 6 count A 1.001 (= 0.1 % ) 60 m 2f 3.3 PC HDR (High Dynamic Range) 3 3 4 20 2f PC PC 2f 3 HDR (High Dynamic Range) 2f 46

3.3 2f 2f 2f 2f 2f 3.3.1 3.2.2 PC PC PC USB PC ( 3.16) PC gphoto2[25] gphoto2 3.16: USB PC 47

3 4 3.17 30 3.17: 3.18 3.18: 48

3.3.2 2f 2f 3.6 2f (LED) LED Lightning EVER MR16 GU10 LED Bulbs (Warm White) LED GU10 E26 ( 3.19) 3.19: LED LED 3 3.20 3.20: 30 cm 30 cm 1 cm L Pixel 49

Canon EOS Kiss X5 Canon EF-S55-250mm f/4-5.6 IS II Canon ET-60 Canon EOS Kiss X5 Canon EOS 60D 5184 3456 ( 3.21) 6 cm 3.21: 3.6: 2f or LED Lightning EVER : MR16 GU10 LED Bulbs (Warm White) : Canon : EOS Kiss X5 Canon : EF-S55-250mm f/4-5.6 IS II Canon : ET-60 BOSCH : GLM 80 (F ISO ) ( 3.1) 50

3.3.3 2f 3.22 6 3.23 3.22: 3.23: 1 2f 2f 2 ( 3.24) 5 mm No.75 ( R) 0.5 m (R±0.5 m) 0.1 m 11 51

3.24: 2f 3.25: No.75 D80 3.26: No.75 3.27: No.75 11 52

3.25 X Y 3.26 1 pixel 80% 2 D80 0 R100 750 pixel 3.27 3 11 1 0.8 3.2 D80 2 2f 3.7 3.24 1 3.7: D80 ( No.75) < > R = 57.190 m 0.8 1.0 3.2 1 332 338 342 2 344 300 348 1 348 348 344 2 344 348 340 1 348 346 338 2 344 342 338 < > R = 57.236 m 318 324 324 [ pixel] ON OFF OFF 2 OFF 53

20 pixel 2 mm D80 3 D80 LED 2f 5 mm 10 mm D80 3.8 3.8: D80 ( No.75) 5 mm 10 mm 0.8 334 354 1.0 336 352 3.2 334 348 [ pixel] 10 mm 14 pixel 20 pixel D80 3.28: 10 mm 54

4 3.27 No.75 11 No.76 R±0.5 m 0.25 m 5 ( 3.31) 3.29: No.76 D80 3.30: No.76 3.31: No.76 5 3.31 5 D80 0.25 m 11 0.10 m 0.20 m 0.10 m 2 R±0.45 m 0.15 m 7 55

5 ON OFF ON OFF LED ON OFF BG LED 3.32 3.33 3.9 3.32: 3.33: ON OFF 56

LED ON/OFF LED ON/OFF + LED ON + OFF LED ON + OFF + LED ON + OFF + 3.9: OFF D80 ( No.70) D80 [pixel] 310 304 308 310 360 A 1.00101 1.00204 1.0004 1.00078 1.03999 3.9 A ON OFF D80 LED ON/OFF 2f LED 10 mm ( R) 0.45 m (R±0.5 m) 0.15 m 7 0.20 m ( 0.10 m) ON OFF LED ON/OFF 57

3.3.4 (LED) OSRAM LED SUPERSTAR PAR16 50 25 LED 3.34 1 3 3.20 LED 5 W 50 W LED 4 mm LED LED 3.35 3.34: LED SUPERSTAR PAR16 50 25 : : : 3.35: LED 3.36 2.5 cm 3.36: 58

3 m 3.37 PC 5 m USB 3.37: 1 30 7 3.38 2f 3.38: 2f 59

3.3.5 : 3.3.3 2 No.70 7 3 3.39 3.39: 2f ( No.70) D80 8 pixel pixel 3.40 3.40: D80 D80 0.02 mm 3 0.1mm 60

3.3.6 2f OFF 1 3.41 3.42 3.10 OFF ( 1 ) 2015/5/13 16:15 2015/6/17 15:18 2015/6/17 20:59 2015/8/27 15:56 2015/8/27 21:57 2015/6/17 22:26 ( ) 3.41: 61

3.42: 3.10: Mean 2421 2136 2108 2097 2087 2048 RMS 22.65 10.57 9.145 9.12 8.578 6.82 2048 count RMS 6.82 count CMOS 1 400 count 50 count 2 100 count 1/4 62

3.3.7 Cd33 Constant diameter (Cd) Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) 2f PMD PMD PMD PMD 2013 [10] Cd33 Constant diameter D80 33 mm Cd33 Cd33 2f 33 mm 3.43: Cd33 3.43 r 100 ( 750 pixel) D80 Cd33 Cd33 D80 ( 3.44) 63

3.44: D80 Cd33 D80 [mm] Cd33 [%] 2f D80 (r 100 ) 80 % Cd33 64

3.3.8 3.3.7 D80 Cd33 D80 Cd 33 A D80 Cd33 [10] 3.45 A 0.1 % D80 23 pixel = 2.3 mm 3.45: D80 ( : )[10] 3.3.6 3.46 3.47 3.46: D80 ( : ) 65

3.47: Cd33 ( : ) 3.46 D80 0.1 % 10 pixel 1 mm 1 mm 3.46 D80 D80 2 Cd33 D80 3.3.9 LST 2f 2f 6 No.70 No.85 (No.73 ) 15 15 3.2.2 No.70 No.75 3.11 3.48 3.52 3.11: No.70 No.71 No.72 No.74 No.75 R ( ) [m] 56.04 56.28 55.58 55.89 57.24 D80 ( ) [mm] 29.09 30.78 29.01 27.02 31.80 R (Fit) [m] 56.07 56.21 55.53 55.88 57.20 D80 (Fit) [mm] 29.55 30.62 28.92 27.12 32.40 66

No.70 3.48: No.70 67

No.71 3.49: No.71 68

No.72 3.50: No.72 69

No.74 3.51: No.74 70

No.75 3.52: No.75 71

3.4 2f 2f 4 2f PMD 3.4.1 (LED) LED 3.3.4 LED SUPERSTAR PAR16 50 25 LED LED LED 2700 K 300 nm 550 nm LED 3.3.4 3.35 LED 4 LED OptoSupply OSB5XNE3C1S ( 3.53) LED 470 nm 3 W LED 60 m 3.54 LED LED LED 4 3.53: LED : OSB5XNE3C1S 3.54: LED 72

LED 3.54 LED LED 3.54 LED LED CC1000EH ( 3.55) 3.55: LED : CC1000EH LED LED DC LED DC ( 3.57) LED 4 mm ( 3.56) 3.56: LED LED 3.57 2 LED ON/OFF DC ON/OFF 3.58 3.59 4 mm 73

3.57: LED 3.58: 3.59: 3.60: LED 74

Canon EOS Kiss X5 Canon EOS 8000D CMOS Canon EOS 8000D CMOS Canon EOS Kiss X5 22.3 14.9 mm(aps-c ) 2420 1.34 1.34 D80 Canon EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS II Canon EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM Canon EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS II 250 mm 0.31 Canon EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM 250 mm 0.29 250 mm 14 % 17 % ( 3.61) 1.34 2f 1.08 3.61: :Canon EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS II :Canon EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM 75

3.4.2 470 nm LED LED CMOS r 100 3.62 2000 pixel 2000 pixel 700 pixel 700 pixel r 100 900 pixel 3.62: r 100 : r 100 : r 100 3.62 r 100 r 100 76

15 3.1.2 3.4 200 pixel 3.63 3.63: 3.4.3 2f No.70 75 77 81 4 D80 3.4.1 3.4.2 4 No.70 7 (EOS 8000D + EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM) (EOS Kiss X5 + EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS II) No.75 77 81 3 LED 3.63 3.12 D80 0.76 mm 0.94 mm 7 No.70 3.64 77

3.12: D80 D80 [mm] D80 [mm] [mm] No.70 30.95 30.12 0.83 No.75 34.88 33.94 0.94 No.77 33.49 32.72 0.77 No.81 35.84 35.08 0.76 3.64: No.70 D80 D80 1mm r 100 3.4.2 D80 ( 3.65) r 100 3.13 78

3.65: 3.13: D80 D80 [mm] D80 [mm] [mm] ( [mm]) No.70 30.58 (-0.37) 30.12 0.46 No.75 34.69 (-0.19) 33.94 0.75 No.77 33.30 (-0.19) 32.72 0.58 No.81 35.47 (-0.37) 35.08 0.39 r 100 0.5 mm r 100 r 100 D80 0.5 mm D80 No.70 No.77 4 3.14 EOS 8000D EOS Kiss X5 3.14 NewCamera EOS 8000D OldCamera EOS Kiss X5 NewLens EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM OldLens EF- S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS II NewCamera OldCamera NewLens OldLens 79

3.14: D80 Camera NewCamera OldCamera Lens NewLens OldLens NewLens OldLens No.70 D80 [mm] 31.20 30.78 30.72 30.32 Scale(1 mm =) [pixel] 10.77 11.89 9.31 10.29 No.77 D80 [mm] 35.49 35.23 34.94 34.53 Scale(1 mm =) [pixel] 10.82 11.92 9.33 10.31 3.14 2f 1 mm No.70 No.77 No.77 NewCamera NewLens 0.4 mm D80 D80 NewLens OldLens D80 4 mm CMOS 1 pixel 4 mm 3.66 PC PC 1 3.67 3.68 3.66: PC 80

3.67: NewLens (S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM) 3.68: OldLens (EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS II) 81

3.67 3.68 RAW dcraw ImageMagick FITS FITS ds9 1 1 1 3.69 3.69: 1 NewLens 0.7 % OldLens 2.2 % D80 3.14 3.15 3.15: D80 Camera NewCamera OldCamera Lens NewLens OldLens NewLens OldLens No.70 D80 [mm] 31.40 31.47 30.92 30.98 Scale(1 mm =) [pixel] 10.70 11.63 9.25 10.07 No.77 D80 [mm] 35.72 36.02 35.17 35.28 Scale(1 mm =) [pixel] 10.75 11.66 9.27 10.08 No.77 NewCamera 0.1 mm NewCamera OldCamera 0.5 mm r 100 82

3.3.8 3.70 3.71 3.70: D80 ( : ) 3.71: Cd33 ( : ) A 0.1 % +0.1 % D80 8 pixel 10 pixel A 2047 D80 A A 3.1.2 3.3 83

M A m=1 = (I ON,m ) M m=1 (I OF F,m ) (3.6) A 3.4 I A,n = (I ON,n ) A (I OF F,n ) (3.7) 3.7 D80 3.72 3.73 3.72: D80 ( : ) 3.73: Cd33 ( : ) D80 50 % D80 6 pixel 1 mm 84

3.4.4 2f 1 5 2f 2f No.70 3.74 3.16 3.74: 3.16: No.70, 1 2015/06/18 23:45 : LED Old,Old 2 2015/06/19 12.47 Old,Old 3 2015/10/15 17:00 Old,Old 4 2015/12/03 18:35 2f Old,Old 5 2015/12/09 22:17 New,New 85

3.4.5 Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) 3.3.7 PMD 2f 3.17 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 R PMD 0.07 m 0.28 m PMD 2f 2f D80 1 mm 1 mm PMD 2f 3.17: 2f PMD 2f PMD D80 [mm] R [m] D80 [mm] R [m] D80 [mm] R [m] ( ) ( ) (Fit) (Fit) No.70 31.2 56.08 31.0 56.02 31.2 56.26 No.75 34.6 57.33 34.5 57.32 33.3 57.58 No.77 33.0 56.69 33.1 56.70 33.2 56.76 No.81 35.1 56.46 35.4 56.47 35.7 56.74 3.75: 2f PMD (No.70) 86

3.76: 2f PMD (No.75) 3.77: 2f PMD (No.77) 3.78: 2f PMD (No.81) 87

4 4.1 CTA LST 300 nm 550 nm 85 % 2.3.2 LST 90 % 1.51 m 2f 2f 4.1 2f LED 2f 2f 2f 4.1: 2f 88

4.2 4.1 2f 3.3.4 LED Canon EOS Kiss X5 + Canon EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS II (LED) (LED) 4.2 3 ON OFF 8 3 1500 1500 pixel 1 pixel 4.1 8 4.2: 4.1: (LED) ON OFF ON OFF Ave σ Ave σ Ave ± σ 13.4059 0.131184 12.4218 0.100471 0.9841 ± 0.1652 15 14.7653 0.056528 13.2436 0.112351 1.5217 ± 0.1258 13.8631 0.116014 12.3034 0.126341 1.5597 ± 0.1715 14.4546 0.144761 12.9084 0.137456 1.5462 ± 0.1996 13.3255 0.242316 12.8121 0.093399 0.5134 ± 0.2597 30 [ count/pixel] 89

2f No.70 2f r 100 ( 750 pixel) 2f 1.64868 10 8 count = 2f r 100 1pixel (4.1) 1.958 10 6 mm 2 1.80855 10 6 mm 2 ( 4.3) 4.3: 1 mm = 10.35 pixel pixel 1.937 10 8 pixel 4.2 4.1 4.2: No.70 [count/pixel] [%] 0.9841 ± 0.1652 86.5 ± 16.8 15 1.5462 ± 0.1996 55.0 ± 12.9 0.5134 ± 0.2597 166 ± 50.6 30 90

4.2 LED 10 % 4.3 4.2 4.2 LED 30 1/3 3.3.4 3.35 LED LED 3.4.1 3.54 3.57 LED LED 470 nm 470 nm LED S/N 4.3.1 LED 4.4 55 cm LED 55 cm 2f LED 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 45 60 90 10 8 LED 4.5 4.6 4.4: LED 91

4.5: LED 4.6: LED LED 10 90 5 % LED 30 90 20 % LED LED 92

60 m LED 60 m S 6 60 m LED 1 3 5 10 15 20 30 7 8 4 60 m LED LED 4.7 4.8 4.7: LED 60 m 4.8: LED 60 m 4.7 4.8 LED LED 1 pixel 15 4 2.0 93

( ) LED 3 11.3316 count/pixel 13.4287 count/pixel 13.4986 count/pixel 2 count 15 4.8 30 LED LED 10 count S/N LED S/N 60 m LED 60 m 6 3.4.1 3.57 LED ( EOS Kiss X5) 56 m LED 0 1 3 5 8 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 16 4 0.5 LED 10 OFF 4.9 4.9: 60 m 60 m 7 LED LED 4.10 4.3 4 94

4.10: 60 m LED (ON BG) 4.3: LED [min] LED (ON-BG) [count/pixel] 0 2.379 ± 0.0430 1 2.425 ± 0.0789 3 2.309 ± 0.0662 5 2.387 ± 0.0650 8 2.188 ± 0.0505 10 2.234 ± 0.0274 15 2.217 ± 0.0557 20 2.273 ± 0.0697 25 2.168 ± 0.0405 30 2.299 ± 0.0314 35 2.322 ± 0.0303 40 2.190 ± 0.0482 45 2.185 ± 0.0309 50 2.306 ± 0.0623 55 2.301 ± 0.0446 60 2.219 ± 0.0565 3.162 ± 0.0184 count/pixel 60 m 60 2 count 10 count 2 0.5 4.10 8 10 % 95

4.3.2 LED 4.3.1 LED LED 2 LED 1 4.2 4.2 LED 4.3.2 2015 12 3 12 4 2 4 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.4: LED (12 3 ) ON OFF ON OFF Ave σ Ave σ Ave ± σ 5.347 0.1162 3.068 0.1189 2.279 ± 0.1663 5.768 0.1139 3.166 0.0973 2.602 ± 0.1498 5.237 0.0912 3.046 0.0521 2.191 ± 0.1050 5.279 0.0641 5.924 0.1334 3.036 0.0514 2.888 ± 0.1430 [ count/pixel] 4.5: LED (12 4 ) ON OFF ON OFF Ave σ Ave σ Ave ± σ 5.945 0.0470 3.014 0.0605 2.931 ± 0.0766 5.930 0.1629 2.967 0.0733 2.963 ± 0.1786 5.610 0.1937 2.961 0.0986 2.649 ± 0.2174 5.808 0.1100 2.896 0.0476 2.912 ± 0.1199 6.301 0.0339 2.901 0.0743 3.400 ± 0.0817 [ count/pixel] 96

2 LED LED 4.11 LED A 1 cm ( ) ( ) 2 C A 1cm LED 1 ( 4.17) 4.11: LED 2015 12 3 12 4 2 4 3 4 4 4.14 2f LED ( 4.15) 4.6 4.9 2015 12 3 2 1 ON 4 OFF(BG) 2 (4 ) Ave σ BG(1) 3.192 0.153 5.354 0.058 5.595 0.038 5.578 0.106 4.970 0.075 4.528 0.094 BG(2) 3.100 0.175 [ count/pixel] 4.6: LED (12 3 ) 4.12: (1) 97

2015 12 4 (1) 2 2 ON OFF(BG) 4 ON OFF ON OFF Ave σ Ave σ Ave ± σ 5.800 0.043 2.853 0.135 2.947 ± 0.142 5.669 0.018 2.880 0.051 2.789 ± 0.054 5.532 0.135 2.941 0.115 2.591 ± 0.177 5.743 0.071 2.806 0.053 2.937 ± 0.089 5.548 0.109 2.819 0.079 2.729 ± 0.135 [ count/pixel] 4.7: LED (12 4 (1)) 4.13: (2) 2015 12 4 (2) 2 2 ON OFF(BG) 4 ON OFF ON OFF Ave σ Ave σ Ave ± σ 6.329 0.138 2.942 0.057 3.387 ± 0.149 6.283 0.111 2.888 0.076 3.395 ± 0.135 6.075 0.060 2.775 0.068 3.300 ± 0.091 6.093 0.104 2.957 0.088 3.136 ± 0.136 5.904 0.093 2.985 0.096 2.919 ± 0.134 [ count/pixel] 4.8: LED (12 4 (2)) 98

2015 12 4 (3) 2f (57.565 m) No.75 2 2 ON OFF(BG) 1 ON OFF 5 Sum 4.046 10 8 3.963 10 8 3.770 10 8 4.070 10 8 3.800 10 8 [ count] 4.9: LED (12 4 (3)) 4.14: 4.15: 5 ON OFF 1:1 99

2 LED 4.16 0.4 3 12.4 % 12 4 1.1 % 3 LED 0.5 0.6 count LED 4.17 1 LED 3 4 (1) 4 (3) (3) 2f 4.18 LED 1 cm (0.85 ) 1.5 % 2 cm (1.7 ) 7 % LED LED LED LED LED 60 m LED 1 pixel 2 3 count ( ) 1pixel 0.5 count (15 %) LED 2f LED 1 cm (0.85 ) 1.5 % 2 cm (1.7 ) 7 % LED 100

4.16: 4.17: LED ( ) 4.18: LED (2f ) 101

4.4 4.3 LED LED LED 60 m 60 m 4.4.1 4.19 60 m LED LED 1 pixel 2 3 count 2 4.19: 102

1 4.3.1 LED LED 10 % 4.3.2 4.14 2f LED 2 1 4.20 LED 4.4.2 4.20: 4.4.2 4.4.1 60 m 4.4.1 2f ( 4.21) No.77 4.22 D80 400 103

pixel LED 0 1 3 5 8 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 16 10 7 4.23 4.10 4 4.21: 2f 4.22: 4.23: 104

4.10: LED ( ) [min] LED (ON-BG) 10 6 [count] 0 403.27 ± 0.34 1 403.15 ± 0.20 3 402.64 ± 0.45 5 402.23 ± 0.16 8 401.25 ± 0.76 10 401.00 ± 0.45 15 400.04 ± 0.32 20 399.77 ± 0.33 25 399.34 ± 0.39 30 399.81 ± 0.22 35 399.67 ± 0.35 40 399.42 ± 0.43 45 398.99 ± 0.41 50 399.60 ± 0.27 55 399.24 ± 0.40 60 399.17 ± 0.50 (2.74 ± 0.04) 10 6 count 1 % 15?? LED 60 m LED 4.25 4.26 LED 10 15 20 25 30 m 5 ON OFF 4 4.11 4.27 105

図 4.24: 光量推測試験 図中の赤円で囲った部分にみられる光が床や壁の反射成分が鏡に反射された光であり 光量 安定性再試験のようにスクリーンを 2f 側に置いた場合には反射光が写らないことがわかる 図 4.25: スクリーンから見た床と壁の反射光 図 4.26: 暗幕とダンボール壁による遮光 表 4.11: 光量推測試験の測定位置と光量 測定位置 [m] 10.819 16.036 20.926 25.826 32.179 光量 [count/pixel] 60.0655 27.2502 16.4017 11.7972 7.04822 106 ± ± ± ± ± 0.171162 0.150131 0.123046 0.533351 0.186599

4.27: (1) 5 Fitting 56.83 m 2.16045 count/pixel 25 m χ 2 /ndf 25 m Fitting 4.28 4.28: (2) Fitting χ 2 /ndf 56.83 m 2.16247 count/pixel 4.12 4.4.3 Fitting 4.12: Fitting 25 m 25 m 56.83 m [count/pixel] 2.16045 2.16247 107

4.4.3 4.4.2 1 pixel LED 4.2 r 100 750 pixel 900 pixel ( 3.4 ) No.70 75 77 81 85 5 ON OFF 4 4.13 4.13: 10 6 [count] No.70 392.443 ± 2.11928 No.75 402.092 ± 0.68044 No.77 403.438 ± 1.42945 No.81 392.894 ± 1.38485 No.85 398.012 ± 1.04329 4.2 4.1 4.14 1 mm = 10.7 pixel 4 4.14: 2f [%] [%] [%] No.70 87.6 ± 0.54 92.1 4.5 No.75 89.8 ± 0.17 93.2 3.4 No.77 90.1 ± 0.35 93.3 3.2 No.81 87.7 ± 0.35 91.8 4.1 No.85 88.9 ± 0.26 89.4 0.5 5 90 % 5 % 5 % 2f 2f 108

93 % 90 % 2f LED 4.4.2 LED 5 % 5 % 2f 109

5 (Chrenkov Telescope Array : CTA) (Large-Sized Telescope : LST) 2f 2f 2f 2f 5 6 2f 1 mm 2f 1 mm 1f 0.5 mm (D80) 16.6 mm 2f 2f PMD PMD 1600 2f 2f LST 300 nm 550 nm 85 % 1.51 m 470 nm LED 2f 60 m LED 60 m 110

60 m 5 90 % 89.4 % 93.3 % 5 % LED 2f 111

A High Dynamic Range (HDR) HDR High Dynamic Range (HDR) Canon CMOS ( ) RAW 2 11 = 11bit 2 13.7 = 13.7 bit 3 bit 3 bit HDR CMOS 2f HDR 2f 2f (56 m 58.4 m) D80 S/N 2f S/N 1/5 1 3.2 3 3 HDR S/N 112

HDR LED HDR 1/5 3.2 A.1 A.2 A.1: 1/5 A.2: 3.2 1/5 A.1 3.2 A.2 2 HDR HDR 3.2 ( ) 16 1.5 ( ) ( A.3) 16 (4 bit) 10000 HDR A.4 A.3: HDR 113

A.4: HDR D80 16 pixel HDR HDR 1/5 3.2 HDR A.5 A.5: (1/5 3.2 ) HDR 114

HDR A.5 A.6: ( ) Y = 1480 ( ) A.6 Y = 1480 dx = +4 pixel dy = 32 pixel HDR A.7 A.7: ( ) Y = 1480 ( ) Y = 1480 A.8 115

A.8: A.8 1/5 3.2 1/5 3.2 Y = 1/16X Y = X 0 10000 Fittting Fitting Fitting Y = X HDR HDR LED S/N PC HDR 116

B 2f 3.3.9 15 2f B.1 B.1 B.13 2f LED 15 D80 R Fit B.1: 2f LST D80 [mm] R [m] D80 [mm] R [m] Cd33 [%] Scale(Ave.) [pixel] ( ) ( ) (Fit) (Fit) (1 mm = ) No.70 29.09 56.04 29.55 56.07 85.71 10.38 2015/06/18 No.71 30.78 56.28 30.62 56.21 83.37 10.33 2015/06/16 No.72 29.01 55.58 28.92 55.53 85.12 10.34 2015/07/15 No.74 27.02 55.89 27.12 55.88 87.73 10.51 2015/07/15 No.75 31.80 57.24 32.40 57.20 81.81 10.25 2015/05/26 No.76 35.17 56.52 35.30 56.61 76.75 10.52 2015/07/15 No.77 32.73 56.59 32.88 56.57 80.57 10.57 2015/06/26 No.78 47.97 56.61 48.11 56.65 57.24 10.34 2015/07/16 No.79 45.56 56.56 45.68 56.51 57.94 10.58 2015/06/25 No.80 34.69 56.26 34.76 56.24 77.36 10.55 2015/06/25 No.81 34.12 56.40 34.35 56.38 78.20 10.55 2015/06/26 No.82 36.05 56.34 36.16 56.38 74.99 10.32 2015/07/16 No.83 45.99 56.46 45.69 56.42 58.05 10.35 2015/07/16 No.84 45.50 56.56 45.74 56.52 57.58 10.55 2015/06/25 No.85 34.69 56.43 34.71 56.38 77.55 10.32 2015/06/26 117

B.1: R B.2: D80 B.3: R vs D80 118

( ) No.70 119

No.71 120

No.72 121

No.74 122

No.75 123

No.76 B.4: No.76 124

No.77 B.5: No.77 125

No.78 B.6: No.78 126

No.79 B.7: No.79 127

No.80 B.8: No.80 128

No.81 B.9: No.81 129

No.82 B.10: No.82 130

No.83 B.11: No.83 131

No.84 B.12: No.84 132

No.85 B.13: No.85 133

C 3.4.3 2f D80 3.4.3 1 EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS C.1: EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS C.2 DS9 1 (EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM C.4 C.5 ) 134

C.2: EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS 1 135

EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM C.3: EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM C.4: EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM 1 136

C.5: EF-S55-250mm F4-5.6 IS STM 1 137

CTA-Japan 1 Fermi 2 2f 2f PMD 2f 2 138

CTA-Japan CTA-Japan MIR CTA-Japan CTA-Japan MIR 6 3 µ s 6 No.70 No.75 the 70s 139

[1] X http://astro-h.isas.jaxa.jp/challenge/x-ray/ [2] Tonello, N., 2006, Study of the VHE -ray emission from the Active Galactic Nucleus 1ES1959+650 [3] Marcus Wagner, R., 2006, Measurement of Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from Four Blazers Using the MAGIC Telescope and a Comparative Blazar Study [4], 2013, CTA, [5] Völk, H. J., & Bernlöhr, K. 2009, Imaging very high energy gamma-ray telescopes [6] MAGIC https://magic.mpp.mpg.de/home/ [7] VERITAS http://veritas.sao.arizona.edu/ [8] H.E.S.S. https://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/hess/ [9] Fruck, C., 2011, A new LIDOR system for the MAGIC telescops and site search instrumentation for CTA [10], 2013, CTA, [11] CTA-Japan http://cta.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp [12] CTA-Japan consortium, 2014, Cherenkov Telescope Array [13], 2015, Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) (9), 2015 [14] CTA Construction Project, 2015, Large Size Telescope Technical Design Report [15] http://www.ipp.phys.ethz.ch/research/magic.html 140

[16], 2015, CTA 101: CTA Active Mirror Control, 2015 [17], 2015, CTA, 2015 [18], 2015, CTA, [19], 2014, CTA, [20], 2012, CTA γi, [21], 2015, CTA 96, 2015 [22] dcraw https://www.cybercom.net/ dcoffin/dcraw/ [23] Image Magick http://www.imagemagick.org/script/index.php [24] SAO Image DS9 http://ds9.si.edu/site/home.html [25] gphoto - gphoto Home http://gphoto.sourceforge.net [26], 2012, RAW [27] DCRAW -2- http://kokupsy.jpn.org/rawtherapee/dcraw 141