The UN on the Ground MIZUNO Takaaki As a reporter, I witnessed various kinds of UN humanitarian operations ranging from Cambodia to Iraq and Afghanistan. In the case of the Cambodian refugee crisis, it was the first time that Japanese civilian relief organizations were actively involved with internationally coordinated rescue operations. After the Gulf War, new forms of UN Peace Keeping Operations emerged in Iraq and in other places, largely brought about by the end of the Cold War. The most conspicuous one was the United Nations Iraq- Kuwait Observation Mission UNIKOM to which all five Security Council permanent members P5 contributed troops. Before this, it would have been unimaginable to see American and Russian officers working together in the Kuwait desert monitoring Iraqi troops. Such euphoria quickly disappeared, however, when another major humanitarian crisis erupted along the Turkish-Iraqi border. Kurds were forced to evacuate their homes after they failed to gain independence during brutal repression by Iraqi troops. In order to repatriate these Kurds, the first Japanese UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Sadako Ogata, decided to ask the US-led multinational force to provide military cover for returnees and even established safe zones inside Iraqi territory. It was a difficult decision for the humanitarian organization UNHCR because involvement in such a highly politicized matter could jeopardize the vital mission of humanitarian relief. This remains a classic dilemma for the UN in the contemporary, murky world. To protect vulnerable people on the ground from brutal violence, it is necessary for the UN to have its own robust capability to enforce peace. The notion of the Responsibility to Protect R2P has been officially endorsed by both the UN General Assembly and the UN 69
1 2014 Security Council. Its effective implementation, however, remains one of the greatest challenges to the international community today. 1956 12 6 1 1952 4 1956 12 18 11 2 70
1970 1980 21 1. 1980 1980 2 JVC UNICEF WFP 71
1 2014 CARE World Vision NGO 40 72
JVC NGO NGO NGO displaced persons 73
1 2014 1979 500 1982 2. PKO 50 1991 74
UNIKOM 3 PKO PKO 4 PKO UNIKOM PKO PKO UNIKOM 5 UNMO UNIKOM PKO 75
1 2014 PKO 2003 UNIKOM 1992 Agenda for Peace PKO peace enforcement PKO 96 76
3. 1990 UNHCR UNHCR 180 2200 HCR 77
1 2014 UNHCR UNHCR 5 PKO 6 PKO 6 7 Responsibility to Protect 2005 9 78
The United Nations Guards Contingent in Iraq UNGCI PKO F15 500 UN PKO PKO PKO NGO 79
1 2014 NGO 2003 8 8 4. 1992 93 93 UNTAC 80
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1 2014 UNTAC UNTAC PKO UNTAC UN ASEAN PKO 92 82
3 5. UN 1980 90 2000 83
1 2014 NPT 1 1965 P 6 10 2 50 8 p 13 3 PKO 1 1991 8 20 4 1991 5 p 10 6 2009 7 8 Chasing the flame, Sergio Vieira De Mello and the fight to save the world by Samantha Powers, the Penguin Press, 2008 p 523 84
50 2008 NGO 1990 PKO 1991 The Turbulent Decade by Sadako Ogata, W. W. Norton 2005 Secretary or General? The UN Secretary-General in World Politics ed by Simon Chesterman, Cambridge University Press, 2007 The United Nations and Its Future in the 21 st Century ed by Vijay Mehta, Spokesman for Action for UN Renewal, 2005 85