No.432008 12 Abstract This paper discusses the notion of Face Composition Phenomena that is proposed by the author and used for the analysis of refusal expressions. The merits of the notion of Face Composition Phenomena show: 1. When analyzing refusal expressions by using Face Composition Phenomena, it is possible to make some of the vague classifications of semantic formulas much clearer. 2. Face Composition Phenomena can analyze relations between semantic formulas and politeness more in detail. 3. Face Composition Phenomena can analyze linguistic performances of refusal speech act. 4. We can identify degrees of politeness in refusal expressions. semanticformulas politeness facecompositionphenomena 1 1) 2) Beebeetal1990 semanticformulas 1990-225 -
20032003 2003 2 2.1 Beebeetal1990 Beebeetal1990 Beebeetal1990 Direct A. Performative I refuse B. Nonperformative Statement 1. No 1. No 2. Negative Willingness/Ability 2. I can't. I won't. I don't think so.. Indirect A. Statement of Regret I'm sorry... ; I feel terrible... B. Wish I wish I could help you... C. Excuse, Reason, Explanation My children will be home that night. ; I have a headache. D. Statement of Alternative 1. I can do X instead of Y Y X 2. Why don t you do X instead of Y Y X 1. I'd rather... I'd prefer... 2. Why don't you ask someone else? - 226 -
No.432008 12 E. Set Condition for Future or Past Acceptance If you had asked me earlier, I would have... F. Promise of Future Acceptance I'll do it next time ; I promise I'll... or Next time I'll... G. Statement of Principle I never do business with friends. H. Statement of Philosophy One can't be too careful. I. Attempt to Dissuade Interlocutor Threat or Statement of Negative 1. I won't be any fun tonight to refuse an invitation. Consequences to the Requester 2. Guilt Trip 2. waitress to customers who want to sit a while ; I can't make a living off people who just order coffee. 3. Criticize the Request/Requester, etc. 3. Who do you think you are? ; That's a terrible (Statement of Negative Feeling or Opinion) idea! ;Insult/Attack / / 4. Request for Help, Empathy, and Assistance by Dropping 5. Let Interlocutor off the Hook 5. Don't worry about it. That's okay. You don t have to. 6. Self-Defense 6. I'm trying my best. I'm doing all I can do. I no do nutting wrong. J. Acceptance that Functions as a Refusal 1. Unspecific or Indefinite Reply 2. Lack of Enthusiasm K. Avoidance 1. Nonverbal a. Silence b. Hesitation c. Do nothing d. Physical Departure 2. Verbal a. Topic Switch b. Joke crepetition of part of Request,etc. c. Monday? d. Postponement d. I'll think about it. e. Hedging 3) e. Gee, I don t know. I'm notsure. Adjuncts of Refusals - 227 -
1Statement of Positive Opinion/Feeling or That's a good idea... ; I'd loveto... Agreement / 2. Statement of Empathy I realize you are in a difficult situation. 3. Pause Fillers uhh Well ; oh 4. Gratitude/Appreciation / 4) 1 2 3 1 3 2 1-228 -
No.432008 12 2 3 2 1 5) 2 4 5 5 5 45 4-229 -
5 6) 5 7) 5 4 5 8) 23 9) Beebeetal 1990 SelfDefense GratitudeAppreciation 2.2 4 2 1990-230 -
No.432008 12-231 - 2.3 (politeness) 1970 Rintell1979 Walters1979 Fraser1990 Walters1979 Leech1983Brown Levinson1987 BL 2002 Leech1983 Leech Grice1967 BL1987 BL Goffman1976 face 10) positiveface negativeface
BL 2 2002 3 BL negativefacethewantofeverycompetentadultmemberthathisactionsbeunimpeded byothers positiveface thewantofeverymemberthathiswantsbedesirabletoatleastsomeothers positiveface negativeface positiveface negativeface FaceThreateningActsFTA strategies BL FTA 11) weight D Speaker Hearer Socialdistance P hearer Speaker Power Rx absoluterankingofimposition BL198776 x x W - 232 -
No.432008 12 WxDSH PHS Rx FTA 3 D P x Rx FTA BL 5 FTA 12) offrecord negativepoliteness negativeface positivepoliteness positiveface baldonrecord 5 13) - 233 -
DotheFTA DontdotheFTA onrecordoffrecord baldonrecord Facesavingact positivepoliteness negativepoliteness Lesser FTA Greater BL 6 12 21 7 6 7 positiveface 1993 2004 6 1-234 -
No.432008 12 7 negativeface 8 12 21 9 positiveface 8 positiveface positiveface 1 positiveface 9 negativeface BL1987 negativeface negativeface or 14) negativeface positiveface - 235 -
Tomas1995 2002 2007b BL 10 negativeface BL1987 negativeface negativepoliteness negativeface negativeface positiveface positiveface positivefacenegativeface positiveface 1 negativeface negativepoliteness positiveface 3 10 Beebeetal 1990 Direct Indirect negativeface Olshtain Cohen1983-236 -
No.432008 12 negativeface positiveface 1 4 speakersface positiveface or negativeface selfishface semiface 15) mutualface hearersface positiveface negativeface positiveface positiveface negativeface negativeface positiveface negativeface semiface positiveface semiface negativeface positiveface semiface negativeface semiface semiface positiveface negativeface semiface negativeface negativeface negativeface negativeface - 237 -
negativeface negativeface negativeface negativeface negativepoliteness negativepoliteness 5 on speakers positiveface face 16) negativeface semiface or positiveface off mutualface positiveface negativeface hearers face positiveface semiface positiveface 4 11 (on)speaker's face positive face - 238 -
No.432008 12 (off)speaker's face positive face 11 positiveface negativeface positiveface negativepoliteness negativepoliteness negativeface 12 12 21 ( ) (on) mutual face positive face positive face (off) mutual face positive face positive face 12 speakers face 11 12 positiveface positiveface - 239 -
13 off mutualface positiveface negativeface ( ) off mutualface positiveface negativeface 13 positiveface negativeface negativeface positiveface negativeface - 240 -
No.432008 12 5 negativeface negativepoliteness negativepoliteness negativeface or positiveface positiveface Searle1969 Beebeetal1990 1993 2003 2003 2004 2006 1973p2189 13 2005 2003 2005 Grace1976 negativeface 23 positiveface 23 Beebeetal1990 AdjunctsofRefusals 2003170 Beebeetal 1990 Beebeetal 1990 Goffman19765 Animageofselfdelineatedintermsofapprovedsocialattributes Thomas1995184 BL face positiveface negativeface FTA Tomas1995-241 -
FTA 2002 2004 2005 semi semiface positiveface negativeface semiface positiveface negativeface semiface complexfacedualfacealternatingface selfishface (2003) 24 1 pp.1-18 2002 ol.31no.1 ol.31no.13 1992 79 pp.4151 1993 2 28 2 pp. 37 2005 (2007a) 70 (2007b) 34 2003 24 pp.60-77 (2004) Beebe, L. M., Takahashi, T. & Uliss-Weltz, R.1990 Pragmatic Transfer in Refusals. In R.C.Scarcella,E.Anderson &S.C.Krashen eds., Developing Communicative Competence in a Second Language. NewYork : pp.55-73, Newbury House Publishers. Brown, P. & S. C. Levinson1987Politeness : Some Universals in Language Usage.Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Goffman, E.1976 Replies and Responses. Language in Society. Vol.5Cambridge University Press. Miriam E. Bodman. J.1993Expressing Gratitude in American EnglishEnglish Teaching 49. Olshtain, E. & A. Cohen(1993) Apology: A speech-act set. In Wolfson, N. & Judd(Eds) sociolinguistics and language acquisition. Rowley, MA; Newbury House Searle, S. C. (1969) Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1986) - Thomas, J. (1995) Meaning in Interaction : An Introduction to Pragmatics. London:Longman. 1998 (2003) 14 2 pp.295-326 - 242 -