3 (Common Reference Levels) 3.1 (descriptor) CEF (Descriptive Scheme) CEF CEF (descriptor) CEF (context-free) CEF (context-relevant) (based on theories) (user-friendly)(practitioners) (measurement) CEF (objectively determined) - 24 -
(number of levels) () ( ) (validity) (illustrative descriptors) CEF A CEF B Swiss National Science Research Council C D 2 2 C DIALANG DIALANG CEF D ALTE Can do 1 1 この部分は版権の関係から本書では訳出していない - 25 -
CEF 3.2 (The Common Reference Levels) Breakthrough 1978 Wilkins ( Formulaic Proficiency ) Trim ( Introductory ) Waystage Council of Europe (content specification) Threshold Council of Europe Vantage Council of Europe Wilkins ( Limited Operational Proficiency )Trim ( adequate response to situations normally encountered ) Effective Operational Proficiency Trim ( Effective Proficiency )Wilkins ( Adequate Operational Proficiency ) Mastery() (Trim( comprehensive mastery ); Wilkins ( Comprehensive Operational Proficiency )ALTE (intercultural competence) Council of Europe Waystage Vantage ABC ( hypertext ) - 26 -
A B C (Basic User) (Independent User) (Proficient User) A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 Breakthrough Waystage Threshold Vantage Effective Mastery Operational Proficiency 3.3 CEF 1 1: C2-27 -
- 28 - C1 言葉を探しているという印象を与えずに 流暢に また自然に自己表現することができる B2 B1 A2 簡単で日常的な範囲なら 身近で日常の事柄についての情報交換に応ずることができる A1 2
CEF 3 3 3.4 (illustrative descriptor) ( 13) B CEF 4 5 コミュニケーション活動 (communicative activities) (production) (strategies) () a) b) c) 4 2 A1-29 -
- 30 - ( ) ごく短い簡単なテクストなら理解できる 広告や内容紹介のパンフレット メニュー 予定表のようなものの中から日常の単純な具体的に予測がつく情報を取り出すことができる 簡単で短い個人的な手紙は理解できる 単純な日常の仕事の中で 情報の直接のやり取りが必要ならば 身近な話題や活動について話し合いができる 通常は会話を続けて行くだけの理解力はないのだが 短い社交的なやり取りをすることはできる 家族 周囲の人々 居住条件 学歴 職歴を簡単な言葉で一連の語句や文を使って説明できる 短い個人的な手紙なら書くことができる : 例えば礼状など
- 31 -
- 32 - 問題があっても 周りの人がそれにほとんど気がつかないほどに修正し 問題点をうまく繕うことができる
- 33 -
- 34-3 C2 C1 B2+ B2 B1+ B1 A2+ A2 A1
- 35 -
- 36 - C2 C1 B2+ B2 B1+ B1 A2+ A2 and but because A1 and then
( Threshold Level 1990) ( ) 4 5 (a) (b) (c) 4 5 4 5 A1(Breakthrough), A2(Waystage), B1(Threshold), B2(Vantage), C1(Effective Operational Proficiency), C2(Mastery) A () () - 37 -
(flexible) Rüschlikon European Commission DIALANG ALTE (coherent) Council of Europe DIALANG ALTE 3.5 A1 (Breakthrough) 1994 1995 Swiss National Science Research Council A1 A1 2 A2(Waystage) B1(Threshold) B1(Threshold) B2(Vantage) B2(Vantage) C1(Effective - 38 -
Operational Proficiency) A B C A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 2 A2+ B1+ B2+ (criterion level)(a2, A2.1 ) (plus level)(a2+ A2.2) 4 A2.1 A2.2(A2+): A2 ( ) 1 A2(Waystage) - 39 -
A B A1 A2 B1 6 A1.1 A1.2 A2.1 A2.3 1 2 5 A2.1.1 A.2.1.2 3 4 3 2 A B C A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 1 10 A2.1 A2.2 B1.1 B1.2 B2.1 B2.2 C1.1 C1.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 3-40 -
B C B1 B2 C1 C2 1 2 3 5 C2.1 C2.2 45 3.6 (language specification) A1(Breakthrough) A2 Waystage Threshold Level Strong Waystage(A2+) - 41 -
B1 Threshold Level () Strong Threshold (B1+) () B2 B1(Threshold)B1 A2Waystage B1 Vantage Level - 42 -
( ) Strong Vantage (B2+)B2(Vantage) () C1 (Effective Operational Proficiency) - 43 -
(avoidance strategy) C1 C2 (Mastery) 3.7 3 A1( Breakthrough)A2(Waystage)B1 (Threshold)B2(Vantage)C1(Effective Operational Proficiency)C2(Mastery) Waystage, Threshold, Vantage A2(Waystage) B1(Threshold)B2(Vantage) C2(Mastery) A1(Breakthrough) B1 A2 A2 B1-44 -
3.8 123 A 9 (a) (b) (c) (Alderson 1991) - 45 -
(a) (user-oriented scales) (Eurocentres certificate Scale of Language Proficiency 1993: 2 ) ( 1993: 2) 1 (b) (assessor-oriented scales) (Certificate in Advanced English 1991 (University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate), Paper 5 (Oral) Criteria for AssessmentFluencyBand 12() ) 2 本章で言及されている尺度は全て 以下の書で出典と共に詳細に論じられている :North, B. (1994) Scales of Language proficiency: A survey of some existing systems. Strasbourg, Council of Europe CC-Lang (94) 24. - 46 -
3 CEF 35 3 (diagnosis-oriented) (c) (constructor-oriented scales) () ( ) () (could would ) Australian Second Language Proficiency Ratings 1982; Speaking; Level 2: Examples of Specific ESL tasks () ) () - 47 -
() () 学習者に何ができるか () () 学習者がどの程度上手にできるか評定者中心 ( 比較的単純 ) 6 () (IELTS: International English Language Testing System) (Eurocentres) ( ) 1,2 1-2 ESU(English-speaking Union) 4 5-48 -
() ( ) 3.9 B2 ( B1 ) ( B2 ) 熟達度の尺度 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Y Y 5 4 3 2 1 7-49 -
7 Y 4 5 ESU ALTE Y15 3 YXYZ X 4 Y 4 XYZ (Noten) 1 6 6 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 12-50 -
- 51 -