『広島平和科学』24 (2002) pp
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1 25 (2003) pp ISSN Hiroshima Peace Science 25 (2003) A Strategic Analysis of Activities relating to the Rule of Law Approach of Peace-building Hideaki SHINODA Institute for Peace Science, Hiroshima University SUMMARY This essay aims to explore the functions of what it calls the rule of law approach of peace-building. Following a conceptual exploration of peace-building in an article of this journal s last issue, the author further discusses activities relating to the rule of law approach of peace-building by classifying them into four categories. First, the essay illuminates the importance of peace agreements that are
2 usually intended to set up a de fact constitutional framework of peace processes. Then it argues that electoral assistance constitutes a crucial phase of the rule of law approach, since a post-conflict election establishes legitimacy for a peace process and a new government and also paves the way for democratic peace. Third, the essay discusses the function of law enforcement activities such as assisting or rebuilding international or local police and military personnel. The fourth category is judiciary. Various international and local war crimes tribunals as well as truth and reconciliation commissions have become indispensable factors in peace-building
3
4 (peace agreements) NATO
5
6
7
8
9 (ripeness)
10 , UNTAC (Electoral Assistance Unit)
11 (Electoral Assistance Division) (OAS) (Unit for the Promotion of Democracy) OSCE 1991 (Office for Free Elections) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights: ODIHR OSCE
12 NATO NGO (conflict management)
13
14 16 (law enforcement)
15 (UNTAG) UNTAC OSCE
16
17 18 19 (DPKO) PDD-71(Presidential Decision Directive 71) PDD-71 PDD
18 (DDR)
19 gendarmerie Carabinieri Guardia Civil (Multilateral Special Units: MSU)
20
21
22 (ICTY) (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: ICTR)
23 (ad hoc) (UNTAET) UNTAET (UNMISET) UNMISET UNMISET ICTY ICTR 1998 (International Criminal Court: ICC)
24 ICC ICC
25 ICTY NATO
26
27 ICTY ICC ICC ICC 2003 ICTY ICTR
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29 1 2 2 See Henry Kissinger, A Wo r ld Res t o r ed (New York : Grosset & Dunlap, 1964). 3 See Christine Bell, Peace Agreements and Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). 4 William Zartman, Ripeness: The Hurting Stalemate and Beyond in Paul C. Stern and Daniel Druckman (eds.), Internationa l Conflict Resolution after the Cold War (Committee on International Conflict Resolution, National Research Council, 2000). 5 Report of the Secretary General (A/46/609), paragraphs (MINURSO) 6 See Agreement on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conf l ict and Annex 1. UNTAC Mandate. 7 See United Nations Electoral Assistance Division, Context and Objectives of UN Electoral Assistance, paragraph 6. 8 Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda fo r Peace 1995, second edition with the new supplement and related UN documents (New York: United Nations, 1995), p Report of the Secretary-General: Human Rights Questions including Alternative Approaches for improving the Effective Enjoyment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom s: Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Principle of Periodic and Genuine Elections (A/49/675, November 1994), paragraph Report of the Secretary-General: Human Rights Questions including Alternative Approaches for improving the Effective Enjoyment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom s: Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Principle of Periodic and Genuine Elections, (A/50/736, 8 November 1995), paragraph See Peter Wallensteen and Margareta Sollenberg, Armed Conflict, , Journal of Peace Research, vol. 38, no. 5, 2001, p Ghali, An Agenda for Democratization, pp Ibid., p David Bloomfield and Ben Reilly, The Changing Nature of Conflict and Conflict Management in Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Option s for Negotiations (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998), pp Ibid., pp See Jorgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, What Makes Elections Free and Fair, Journal of Democracy, vol. 8, no. 3, Halvor Hartz, CIVPOL: The UN Instrument for Police Reform in Tor Tanke Holm and Espen Barth Eide (eds.), Peacebuilding and Police Reform (London: Frank Cass, 2000), pp Abdul Ghani and Bin Yunus, Opening Address in The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), The Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) of Singapore and The National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA) of Japan, The Role and Functions o f Civilian Police in United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations: Debriefing and Lessons: Repor t and Recommendations o f the International Conference, Singapore, December 1995 (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1996), p Ibid., p See Chuck Call and Michael Barnett, Looking for a Few Good Cops: Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding and CIVPOL in Holm and Eide (eds.), Peacebuilding and Police Reform, pp, See William Lewis, Edward Marks and Robert Perito, Enhancing In t erna t ional Civilian Police in Peace Operations (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 2002)
30 22 Philippe Guimbert, Brief Overview of French Perspective on Developing a Doctrine for Civilian Police in UN Peace-Keeping Operations in UNITAR, IPS and NIRA, The Role and Functions of Civilian Police, p See Dennis McNamara, The Role of the Civilian Police Component in Human Rights and Related Issues in UNITAR, IPS and NIRA, The Role and Functions of Civilian Police, p Ibid., p See Call and Barnett, op. cit., p See United Nations Department of Peacekeeping, United Na t ions Civi l ian Police Handbook (New York: United Nations, 1995); United Nations Department of Peacekeeping, United Nation s Civilian Police Course Carriculum (New York: United Nations, 1995). 27 Maurizio Ludovici, Training Local Police Forces to Take Over From the UN Police After Their Departure in UNITAR, IPS and NIRA, The Role and Functions of Civilian Police, pp United Nations Security Council Resolution 827, 25 May 1993 (S/RES/827). 29 United Nations Security Council Resolution 955, 8 November 1994 (S/RES/955). 30 Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, 17 April 2002 (S/2002/432), sections United Nations Security Council Resolution 1410, 17 May 2002 (S/RES/1410). 32 Report of the Secretary-General (S/2002/432), sections Republic of Rwanda, Gacaca Tribunals vested with Jurisdiction over Genocide Crimes against Humanity and Other Violations of Human Rights which took place in Rwanda from 1st October 1990 to 31st December 1994, July Hideaki Shinoda, Peace-building by the Rule of Law: An Examination of Intervention in the Form of International Tribunals, International Journal of Peace Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, Spring/Summer 2002, - - II 27 ( See Richard J. Goldstone, Justice as a Tool for Peace-making: Truth Commissions and International Criminal Tribunals, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 28, No. 3, David J. Scheffer, International Judicial Intervention. Foreign Policy, vol. 102, Spring, 1996, and David J. Scheffer, The U.S. Perspective on the ICC. In Sarah B. Sewall and Carl Kaysen (eds.), The United State s and the International Criminal Court: National Security and International Law (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000). 37 See Oliver Schuett, The International War Crimes Tribunals for Former Yugoslavia and the Dayton Peace Agreement: Peace Versus Justice? International Peacekeeping (London), Vol. 4, No. 2, ICTY 1994 ICTY The Annual Report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Since
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