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1 NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Ac Title 子ども手当に関するノート : 世代間格差是正の視点から Author(s) 吉岡, 真史 Citation 經營と經濟, vol.90(1 2), pp ; 201 Issue Date URL Right This document is downloaded

3 ocæoï æ90ª æp Q 2010NXŽ 257 Abstract The incumbent administration of the Democratic party of Japan won the general election in and has introduces child allowances from together with many remarkable measures, which amount billion in fiscal budget. According to this measure, the monthly allowance of a child under years old is paid for parents. On the other hand, Japan's total fertile rate is for long declining to around at present. Many economists regard this low birth rate as a result of high costs of nurturing children. One of the most important purposes of child allowances is to reduce these costs apparently. This study reviews circumstances of Japanese nurturing from the viewpoint of its cost and concludes that redressing the inter-generational inequality between the working and the retired generations should be one of the most effective measures to pick up birth rate. Keywords Child allowance, Fertile rate, Inter-generational inequality, Overlapping generation model, Japan. JEL Classifications D D D E H H H H H I s-ysk nagasaki-u ac jp

4 258 o c Æ o Ï

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6 260 o c Æ o Ï

7 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 261 Lutz et al

8 262 o c Æ o Ï Low-Fertility Trap Hypothesis Low-Fertility Trap Hypothesis Lutz et al p Chart Lutz et al Low Fertility Trap Hypothesis Galor and Weil

9 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 263 OECD Social Expenditure Database SOCX Adema and Ladaique p Chart Public social expenditure by broad social policy area Cash benefits Pensions oldageandsurvivors Income support to the working age population GDP OECD G OECD GDP OECD OECD

10 264 o c Æ o Ï GDP Adema and Ladaique p Chart GDP p

11 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 265 GDP GDP

12 266 o c Æ o Ï Auerbach et al Cutler Diamond

13 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 267 p

14 268 o c Æ o Ï Yoshioka

15 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 269 p p

16 270 o c Æ o Ï p

17 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 271 p ILO LABORS- TA Internet economically active population ILO economically active population The economically active population comprises all persons of either sex who furnish the supply of labour for the production of goods and services during a specified time-reference period ILO http laborsta.ilo.org applv data c e.html

18 272 o c Æ o Ï ILO ILO, LABORSTA Internet http laborsta ilo org

19 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 273 Sanderson Suzuki

20 274 o c Æ o Ï vangoezenet al Pay As You Go van Goezen et al Becker and Barro van Goezen et al vangoezenetal Coase

21 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 275 van Goezen et al Milligan CA Milligan Feyrer et al OECD GDP day care GDP Feyrer et al

22 276 o c Æ o Ï p p

23 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 277 van Goezen et al p

24 278 o c Æ o Ï p GDP http www cao go jp keizai econome h pbbggv pdf

25 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 279 Giavazzi and Pagano

26 280 o c Æ o Ï OECD p p Vaithianathan Demeny Caplan

27 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 281 References Adema, Willem and Maxime Ladaique How Expensive is the Welfare State Gross and Net Indicators in the OECD Social Expenditure Database SOCX OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, November Auerbach Alan J., Jagadeesh Gokhale, and Laurence J. Kotlikoff Generational Accounts A Meaningful Alternative to Deficit Accounting DavidBradforded. TaxPolicyandtheEconomy,Volume MIT Press, January pp Auerbach Alan J., Jagadeesh Gokhale, and Laurence J. Kotlikoff Generational Accounting A Meaningful Way to Evaluate Fiscal Policy Journal of Economic perspectives Winter pp Becker, Gary S. and Robert J. Barro A reformulation of the economic theory of fertility Quarterly Journal of Economics February pp Caplan, Bryan The Myth of the Rational Voter Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies, Princeton University Press, September BP Coase, R. H The Problem of Social Cost Journal of Law and Economics October pp Cutler, David Review of Generational Accounting Knowing Who Pays, and When, for What We Spend National Tax Journal March pp Demeny, Paul Pronatalist Policies in Low-Fertility Countries Patterns, Performance and Prospects Population and Development Review Supplement pp Diamond, Peter Generational Accounts and Generational Balance An Assessment National Tax Journal December pp Galor, Oded and David N. Weil The Gender Gap, Fertility and Growth American Economic Review June pp

28 282 o c Æ o Ï Galor, Oded and David N. Weil Population, Technology, and Growth From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and Beyond American Economic Review September pp Feyrer, James, Bruce Sacerdote, and Ariel Dora Stern Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan Understanding Fertility within Developed Nations Journal of Economic Perspectives Summer pp Giavazzi, Francesco and Marco Pagano Can Severe Fiscal Contractions Be Expansionary Tales of Two Small European Countries NBER Macroeconomics Annual Vol pp Giavazzi, Francesco and Marco Pagano Non-Keynesian Effects of Fiscal Policy Changes International Evidence and the Swedish Experience Swedish Economic Policy Review pp Lutz, Wolfgang, Vegard Skirbekk and Maria Rita Testa The Low-Fertility Trap Hypothesis Forces that May Lead to Further Postponement and Fewer Births in Europe Vienna Yearbook of Population Research Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences pp Reprinted in RP International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, March Milligan, Kevin Subsidizing the Stork New Evidence on Tax Incentives and Fertility Review of Economics and Statistics August pp Sanderson, Warren Low Fertility and Population Aging in Germany and Japan Prospects and Policies Paper presented at FERTILITY AND PUBLIC POLI- CY How to Reverse the Trend of Declining Birth Rates,Venue CESifo Conference Center, Munich, March http cis ier hit u ac jp Japanese pdf shoushika SandersonWorkshop pdf Suzuki, Toru Fertility Decline and Policy Development in Japan Japanese Journal of Population March pp van Groezen, Bas, Theo Leers, and Lex Meijdam Social security and endogenous fertility pensions and child allowances as siamese twins Journal of Public Economics February pp Yoshioka, Shinji A Survey on Poverty Indicators Features and Axioms Annual Review of Economics Vol Faculty of Economics, Nagasaki University, June pp

29 qçàè ÉÖ ém[gf ãôi ³Ì _ ç 283 Rhema Vaithianathan PIE CIS Discussion Paper No pp ESRI Discussion Paper Series No p http www iser osaka-u ac jp ohtake column toyokeizai pdf http business nikkeibp co jp article money Demographic Transition Theory pp Web http www jcer or jp column kojima index html pp pp pp

30 284 o c Æ o Ï Working Paper ESRI Discussion Paper Series No pp PIE CIS Discussion Paper No

2-栗原.TXT

2-栗原.TXT NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Ac Title カジノ税に関する一考察 Author(s) 栗原, 克文 Citation 經營と經濟, vol.89(1), pp.17-34; 2009 Issue Date 2009-06 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/23392 Right This document is downloaded