Farrow and Abernethy, ; Jackson and Mogan, 7 Abernethy, 199; Kellman and Garrigan, 9 Masters, iemgmax 3 Ⅱ c

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1 Differences in the pattern of motion on upper limb when delivering smash, clear, and drop shots in badminton Yujiro Masu 1 Jyunya Komagata 1 and Kazuki Fujino Abstract This study examined differences in the pattern of motion on upper limb when delivering smash, clear, and drop shots in badminton to provide data regarding the partial movements of the body as a basis for the prediction of shuttlecock trajectories. Seven male badminton players, belonging to a team ranked at the top in the All Japan Badminton Championships, were instructed to deliver these strokes to record the pattern of motion in each case using MAC3D System Cameras. Significant differences in the shoulder abduction angle on the side of the dominant arm at impact were observed (p<.5), as the values were lower when delivering drop compared with smash or clear shots. Significant differences were also observed in the shoulder horizontal flexion angle on the side of the dominant arm during the phase when the racket passes the player s back preparing for impact (p<.5), as the values were lower when delivering smash compared with drop or clear shots. Furthermore, the elbow angle significantly varied during the racket passes the player s back preparing to impact of all phases of movement (p<.5); while changes in the pattern of motion were similar between smash and clear shots, drop shots showed a tendency to slowly increase from the initiation of movement to impact. Based on these results, the probability of a drop shot being delivered is high when the hand remains in a lower position, and that of a smash shot being delivered is high when the shoulder horizontal flexion angle is small in the case of overhead strokes. Key words: badminton, smash, clear, drop Ⅰ Abernethy and Zawi, 7 1 Department of Physical Therapy Health Science University Department of Physical Education Center Chiba University of Commerce

2 Farrow and Abernethy, ; Jackson and Mogan, 7 Abernethy, 199; Kellman and Garrigan, 9 Masters, iemgmax 3 Ⅱ cm kg 36 MAC3D System Motion Analysis 1/15 8 1m m Fig. 1 3 X Y Z 9 Helen Hayes Fig.

3 195 Feeder Short service line Striker Z X Long service line (Doubles) Back boundary line m m Y MAC3D Fig. 1 Schematic drawing of experimental setup 16 Front Back Fig. The marker of the each body parts

4 Fig. 3 Fig. SD TR SD TR FR SD FR UA UA SD TR UA FA UA 18 1 X Y Z % 1% Take back position Analysis phase (Normalized) Heel-ff (Racket foot) Maximum shoulder horisontal abduction Heel-ff (Racket foot) Impact Back swing phase Forward swing phase Take back position:motion at maximum shoulder horizontal abduction Back swing phase:heel-off on racket foot after take back position from heel-off on racket foot before take back position Forward swing phase:shuttlecock impact from heel-off on racket foot after take back Position Fig. 3 The analysis phase of the hitting motion

5 197 9 Shoulder horisontal abduction angle UA horisontal abduction angle abduction abduction Shoulder abduction angle UA abduction angle UA 9 flexion joint angle FA FR TR Elbow joint angle 9 SD adduction adduction 18 extension Fig. The definition of the kinematic model for the calculation of shoulder angles 1 Mean SD Stat View Tukey-Kramer 5 Ⅲ Fig p< p< p<.5 9 Fig. 6 1 p< p< p<.5 5 1

6 Shoulder (m/s) Velocity (m/s) Velocity Elbow Clear Drop Smash (m/s) Velocity Wrist Significant difference for 1: smash vs drop, : smash vs clear, 3 drop vs clear, : smash vs drop and clear, 5: drop vs smash and clear, 6: all groups Fig. 5 Comparisons of change of velocity for shoulder, elbow and wrist joint

7 199 Racket arm Non-racket arm 1 1 Shoulder abduction 1 9 Shoulder abduction Clear Drop Smash A ngle ( deg) 8 6 A ngle ( deg) Shoulder horisontal abduction Shoulder horisontal abduction A ngle ( d e g ) 3 3 A ngle ( deg) Elbow joint 16 Elbow joint A ngle ( deg) 8 5 A ngle ( deg) Significant difference for 1: smash vs drop, : smash vs clear, 3 drop vs clear, : smash vs drop and clear, 5: drop vs smash and clear, 6: all groups Fig. 6 Comparisons of change of angles for shoulder horisontal abduction, shoulder abduction and elbow joint 1 1 Fig. 7 X-Z Y-Z

3 193 9 3 Side view Z (m).5..3 Impact..1 -. -.3 -. -.1.1.5..3. -.1. X (m) -..3 Impact Z.5 (m).

7 Comparisons of wrist joint trajectory Clear Drop position (m).6.. Smash * :p<.5 * * Wrist -.

8 Side view Z (m).5..3 Impact X (m) -..3 Impact Z.5 (m). clear drop smash.3.5 Front view Y (m) Fig. 7 Comparisons of wrist joint trajectory Clear Drop position (m).6.. Smash * :p<.5 * * Wrist X Y Z *:Significant difference at <5% Fig. 8 Comparisons of wrist position at impact Y X Y Z Fig. 8 Z

9 1 1 Drop 1 Clear 1 Smash % % % 6% 8% 1% Normalized time Fig. 9 Comparisons of Stick-pictures p<.5 Fig Ⅳ 3 km Abernethy and Zawi, 7 Ward et al., ; Ward and Williams, 3 Masters, 199

10 SSC 16 SSC X-Z Y-Z Y 1 Z 9deg Abernethy and

11 3 Russell Masters, 199 Macquet, 7 Ⅴ 7 3 p<.5 p<.5 p<.5 16 Abernethy, B., Russell, D. G. (1987) Expert-novice differences in an applied selective attention task. Journal of Sport Phychology, 9 : Abernethy, B. (199) Expertise, visual search, and information pick-up in squash. Perception, 19 : Abernethy, B., and Zawi, K. (7) Pickup of essential kinematics underpins expert perception of movement patterns. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39 (5) : Farrow, D., and Abernethy, B. () Can anticipatory skills be learned through implicit video-based perceptual training? Journal of Sports Sciences, : Jackson, R. C., and Mogan, P. (7) Advance visual information, awareness, and anticipation skill. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39 : Kellman, P. J., and Garrigan, P. (9) Perceptual learning and human expertise. Physics of Life Reviews, 6 : Macquet, A. C., and Fleurance, P. (7) Naturalistic decision-

12 making in expert badminton players. Ergonomics, 5 (9) : Masters, R. S. W. (199) Knowledge, knerves and know-how The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure. British Journal of Psychology, 83 : Ward, P., Williams, A. M., and Bennett, S. J. () Visual search and biological motion perception in tennis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73 (1) : Ward, P., and Williams, A. M. (3) Perceptual and cognitive skill development in soccer The multidimensional nature of expert performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 5 :

01_渡部先生_21-2.indd

01_渡部先生_21-2.indd Wang & Moffit, SSF ; Wang and Moffit ; Purcell, ; ; ; Grice, Purcell, Wang & Moffit, Wang & Moffit, Purcell, :.. cm :.. kg :.. cm :.. kg t., p >. t.., p >. SONY HDR-CXV, HDR-CXV f/sec . m m PC DKH Frame-DIAS