『諸外国の上院の選挙制度・任命制度』

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5 GHQ OECD G parallel system personalized proportional representation mixed-member proportional 671, , pp.90-95; Josep Maria Colomer, ed., Handbook of Electoral System Choice, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.551., pp.68-97

6 17 Senate class , , pp Official Code of GA (a) R.S.18: 401, 18: 402 B., 18:

7 Senate , 2, contingent voting preferential voting 1 2 contingent vote 1 Thomas Hare, The Election of Representatives, Parliamentary and Municipal, 4 th ed., London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer, 1873, pp , , Senate group voting tickets 1 1

8 quota Arend Lijphart et al., Electoral systems and party systems: a study of twenty-seven democracies, , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp.156, 157, 159. inclusive Gregory method transfer value TV 1 2 2

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18 , 2003, pp.91, 94-96, pp.87-88

19 Landsgemeinde Senat , 1989, p Wybory do Senatu 2007 Pa stwowa Komisja Wyborcza

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21 Cámara de Senadores Registro Federal de Electores v tšinového systému majority system relative majorityabsolute majority alternative voting

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23 Sénat Départements et régions d outre-mer DOM-ROM 4 Collectivités d outre-mer COM 6 Collectivités sui generis 2 Territoire des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises TAAF 1 TAAF 2003 Territoires d Outre-Mer TOM TOM

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26 4 a 1 b Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal 3 1 8:30 11: :30 17:30 4 9:00 15: L. 302 L. 439 L. 474 L. 501 L. 528 L L. 318 L. 439 L. 474 L. 501 L. 528 L. 556 second chamber Why have a bicameral system?

27 U2 Stemwaarde 1 1 { } 1 Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek 2007 Statistische gegevens: Eerste Kamerverkiezingen 29 mei 2007, p.15. Kiesraad

28 Seanad Éireann R , , p.5; , , pp.22-29

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33 House of Lords receive writs of summons to attend the House of Lords b Lords SpiritualLords Temporal House of Lords Act Peer Lord Standing Orders of the House of Lords Appeal Committee and Appellate Committee

34 Great Officer of State 9 2 ) 15 Lords of Appeal in OrdinaryLords of Appeal Other Lords of Appeal 75 high judicial offices sit and vote Information Office , 2002, p.15.

35 SenateDivision by-election Constitutional Reform and Governance Bill , 1977, p.54.

36 , 1994, p.40;, 2004, pp Division

37 Bundesrat Staatssekretär Staatsrät politische Ausschüsse Beamte Horst Dreier (Hrsg.), Grundgesetz: Kommentar, 2. Aufl., Bd. 2, Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006, pp , , 2001, pp Staatssekretär, 2003, pp , 2006, pp.386, 388.

38 Bundesrat , 2005, pp Bürgerzahl Bürger, 1981, p.81

39 , , pp , 2006, pp.30, 34, 45, 49, 57, 60, 67, 72, 82, 85.

40 OECD 17 3 OECD

44 Basic Information Series 4 Upper House Electoral and Appointive Systems in Foreign Countries Research and Legislative Reference Bureau National Diet Library Tokyo , Japan bureau@ndl.go.jp

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