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1 23 CMOS A Study of Capturing Star by Conventional CMOS Camera with Small Lens

2 CMOS GPS GPS HARP CCD CMOS CMOS CMOS CMOS CCD i

3 Abstract A Study of Capturing Star by Conventional CMOS Camera with Small Lens English In recent years, several machines which tell us names of star and star sign have been developed. Most of these machines obtain topocentric azimuth direction from a geomagnetism sensor, topocentric altitude from a accelerometer and geocentric position of machine from GPS receiver. However, geomagnetism sensors are interfered by electromagnetic material such as a screw, a dry cell and a car, and GPS receiver can t acquire by building. Therefore, a perfect way to know star and star sign name is identifying them by capturing starlit sky. There are several systems to capture starlit sky. One of them is high sensitivity image pick-up tube. HARP and Image Intensifier are major solution of it, however, they are not consumer products because of they are expensive system. CCD Area Image Sensor and CMOS Area Image Sensor are low cost systems to capture starlit sky. They use photodiode, amplifier. This thesis describe about the way to capture starlit sky by conventional CMOS camera with small lens. As a result, conventional CMOS camera with small lens can detect stars as clearly as naked eye. key words English Solid state image sensor CMOS Area Image Sensor CCD Area Image Sensor Fixed pattern noise Orion ii

4 HARP Image Intensifier CCD CMOS iii

5 28 29 iv

6 2.1 HARP I.I I.I IT-CCD FT-CCD Full FT-CCD CMOS CMOS MCM-4304(M992BR-1000 ) M992BR M58J L L A B C D v

7 3.1 MCM Aptina MT9V vi

8 1 [1] GPS GPS [2][3] NHK Super Harp 13 Image Intensifier I.I. MCP 1

9 CCD CMOS S/N CCD CCD ) CCD S/N CCD CMOS CMOS ) CCD IT-CCD FT-CCD CMOS CMOS CMOS CMOS CCD CMOS F C F M12 F 1.8 CMOS 2

10 HARP HARP High-gain Avalanche Rushing amorphous Photoconductor NHK HARP 2.1 HARP X [3] HARP Image Intensifier Image Intensifier I.I. ICCD Intensified CCD 3

11 HARP I.I MCP MCP 1 1 MCP GaAs GaAsP 4

12 I.I I.I. 5

13 CCD CCD CCD CCD CCD:Charge Coupled Device CCD 3 IT-CCD Interline Transfer - CCD 2.4 CCD CCD FT-CCD Frame Transfer - CCD 2.5 CCD IT-CCD CCD FT-CCD Full FT-CCD Full FT-CCD 2.6 Full FT-CCD FT-CCD CCD 6

14 IT-CCD 2.5 FT-CCD 7

15 Full FT-CCD CMOS CMOS CMOS CMOS CMOS:Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CMOS CCD 1 LSI CCD CMOS 3 CMOS CMOS CMOS CMOS

16 CMOS CMOS S/N 2.3,. [4]

17 CMOS 10

18 3 3.1 CMOS Aptina MT9V032 MCM MCM MCM-4304 CMOS Aptina MT9V M992BR M58J L L F 3.1 MCM-4304 Aptina MT9V032 ( ) VGA 640 x fps, QVGA 320 x fps 30mm A D 34 H 27 V 20 A 8bit USB x 32 [mm] USB 128mA (640mW)

19 Aptina MT9V032 Optical Format Active Imager Size Active Pixels Pixel Size Color filter array Shutter type Maximum data rate master clock 1/3 inch 4.51mm(H) x 2.88mm(V) 5.35mm(diagonal) 752(H) x 480(V) 6.0 m x 6.0 m Monochrome Global shutter TrueSNAP 26.6 MPS/26.6 MHz Full resolution 752 x 480 Frame rate ADC resolution Responsivity Dynamic range Supply voltage Power consumption Operating temperature Packaging Output gain Read noise Dark current 60 fps (at full resolution) 10-bit column-parallel 4.8 V/lux-sec (550nm) >55dB linear; >80.100dB in HiDy mode 3.3V +0.3V (all supplies) <320mW at maximum data rate; 100 W standby current 30 C to +70 C 48-pin CLCC 15.3 e-/lsb 25 e-prms at 1X 9,042 e-/pix/s at 55 C 12

20 3.2 撮影対象 図 3.1 MCM-4304(M992BR-1000 を装着した状態) 値で割った値であり レンズの明るさを示す指標である 今回使用した MCM-4304 は単品では 2 万円台 レンズもそれぞれ 5 千円前後で購入で きる 3.2 撮影対象 今回の研究では撮影対象として 天の赤道上にあり おうし座の東側にある 冬の星座の オリオン座の腰に位置する三ツ星を選んだ 図 3.6 の黄色い枠で囲んだオリオン座の三ツ星 は左側からζ星 アルニタク Alnitak ε星 アルニラム Alnilam δ星 ミンタカ Mintaka である この三ツ星はいずれも約 2 等級で肉眼でも十分視認できるため 撮影 が容易であること 周辺に約 6 等級までの様々な明るさの星々があること 今回の研究では 13

21 3.2 撮影対象 表 3.3 撮影に使用したレンズ 名称 焦点距離 [mm] F値 有効径 [mm] 画角 水平方向 画角 垂直方向 M992BR M58J L L 図 3.2 M992BR

22 3.3 撮影手順 図 3.3 M58J-1000 必要ないが 星雲が近くにあることからこの三ツ星を撮影対象に選んだ 3.3 撮影手順 今回の研究では以下の手順で星空を撮影した また CMOS の欠点である固定パターンノ イズの対策として レンズキャップを閉じたまま撮影し 固定パターンノイズのみを撮影し た画像 ダークフレーム を撮影し 星空の画像から減算することでノイズの除去を行った 1. MCM-4304 のピントを月や遠方の街頭などで合わせる 2. MCM-4304 の設定を以下のように変更 アナログゲイン最大 4.0dB 15

23 3.3 撮影手順 図 L ディジタルゲイン最大 3.75dB 露出最長 600.0msec 3. オリオン座の三ツ星が中心に来るように据え付ける 4. 星空を撮影 5. レンズキャップを閉め ダークフレームを撮影 6. 撮影した星空画像からダークフレームを減算し 固定パターンノイズを除去 16

24 3.3 撮影手順 図 L 17

25

26 4 4.1 MCM A 19

27 B CMOS 4.5 MCM L

28 C

29 D

30 [mm] F [mm] M992BR M58J L L

31 =

32

33

34 5 Aptina MT9V032 1/60 1/ (3.75dB) (4.0dB) 6 32mm 32mm 26mm 16 mm 15mm. 27

35

36 [1] [2] I.I. TII0004J01.pdf. [3] HARP Vol.89 No.04 pp [4]

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