1 International Phonetic Alphabet 1989 was / / Back /æ/ Open-mid Gimson 2008: Difficulty is most predictable in those areas where vowels are c
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1 /æ/ i 1. Native Speaker Native Speaker natural ii /æ/ International PhoneticAlphabet IPA animal a /æ/ Front Open-mid Open father /a/ /æ/ Central Open 131
2 1 International Phonetic Alphabet 1989 was / / Back /æ/ Open-mid Gimson 2008: Difficulty is most predictable in those areas where vowels are closer within the vowel space; thus confusions are very likely within any of the following groups: /i, ɪ/, /e, æ, /, /ɒ,, /, /u, ʊ/ iii. 132
3 /æ/ 1980: /æ/ hand, lamp 1 C C a C /æ/ a Gimson 2008: 100 /e/ / / / / 1980: 28 æ match mæʧ /much m ʧ, ban bæn /bun b n /æ/ / / /e/ / / Native Speaker 2. iv Native Speaker 2 /æ/ 2 1 Many animals inhabit Africa. 133
4 2 Africa has camels, giraffes, parrots, and bats. 1 3 animals, inhabit, Africa 2 6 Africa, has, camels, giraffes, parrots, bats /æ/ Native Speaker 3. Sugi Speech Analyzer v 2 Transcription vi 2 Native Speaker Many animals inhabit Africa 134
5 4. /æ/ 1 /æ/ /æ/ International Phonetic Alphabet 1983 Ladefoged 1993: /æ/ 4 Ladefoged 1993: In summary, vowels can be described in terms of three factors: 1 the height of the body of the tongue; 2 the front-back position of the tongue; and 3 the degree of lip rounding. It is very difficult to 3 A Course in Phonetics 135
6 become aware of the position of the tongue in vowels, but you can get some impression of tongue height by observing the position of your jaw while saying just the vowels in the four words, heed, hid, head, had. Gimson 2008: 113 /e/ /æ/ : 108 Vocal Tract formant 1 F1 2 F2 3 F3 4 F4 vii 2 8 KHz 136
7 Ladefoged 1993: It is possible to analyze sounds so that we can measure the actual frequencies of the formants. We can then represent them graphically as in Figure 8.5. This figure gives the average of a number of authorities values of the frequencies of the first three formants in eight American English vowels. 4 Ladefoged 1993:
8 Ladefoged /æ/ 1 2 Ogden 2009: F1 2 F2 There is a relatively simple correspondence between tongue height, frontness and backness, and the relative position of F1 and F2. The first formant relates to the vowel height. Close vowels have a low F1, and open vowels have a high F1. The second formant relates to frontness and backness. Front vowels have a high F2, but back vowels have a low F2. IPA 1 F1 F2 high low 5 /æ/ F1 Native Speaker /a/ / / F2 Native Speaker / / /a/ F2 F1 / / 138
9 5 IPA Yavaş 2011: 103 F2 F1 F1 A vowel is more front when the difference between F2 frequency and F1 frequency is greater than the same difference for another vowel. F2 F1 6 IPA Native Speaker F1 F2 natural F1 F2 139
10 6 YavaŞ 2011: /æ/ F1 F2 1 F1 F2 Gimson 2008 Peterson and Barney /æ/ F1 F2 F1 Hz F2 Hz Gimson 2008 : RP YavaȘ 2011 Peterson and Barney s 1952 data
11 F Hz 800 Hz F Hz 2000 Hz 5. F1 F2 /æ/ duration viii F1 F2 /æ/ /æ/ F1 F2 2 Many animals inhabit Africa. Africa has camels, giraffes, parrots, and bats. /æ/ 9 Native Speaker B A Native Speaker 141
12 7 BNS: Many animals inhabit Africa. 8 BNS: Africa has camels, giraffes, parrots and bats. F1 F2 /æ/ 1 Native Speaker NS a Native Speaker F1 F2 b 9 10 Native Speaker F1 F2 142
13 9 ANS: Many animals inhabit Africa. 10 ANS: Africa has camels, giraffes, parrots and bats. 2 Native Speaker BNS Native Speaker ANS F1 F2 Hz F1 BNS ANS F2 BNS ANS animals animals inhabit inhabit Africa Africa Africa Africa has has camels camels giraffes giraffes parrots parrots bats bats
14 F1 F2 F1 F2 /æ/ 2000 Hz F1 F2 F1 F2 11 Native Speaker F1 12 Native Speaker F2 144
15 F1 F2 Native Speaker F1 F ix Native Speaker 2 Native Speaker Connected Speech x /æ/ A B C 3 A Native Speaker /æ/ 2 B /æ/ / / C / / Native Speaker F1 F2 Appendix 13 Native Speaker F1 F2 Native Speaker 145
16 13 F1 14 F2 3 a A /æ/ F1 F2 Native Speaker F1 F2 146
17 F Hz F Hz 2 Gimson Africa giraffes / / F1 F2 Africa giraffes F Hz Hz F1 2 F2 / / 147
18 b B /æ/ / / F1 900 Hz 2 18 F Hz Africa 1184 Hz parrots 3036 Hz F1 /æ/ 22 has F1 F2 /ε/ 148
19
20 Africa has camels parrots F2 /æ/ F2 /æ/ c C / / animals F1 F2 F1 /a/ Africa F Hz 2 Africa F Hz F2 Native Speaker /æ/ F Hz F Hz camels /æ/ /æ/ / / /æ/ F1 F2 /æ/ / / F
21
22 1000 Hz F Hz 1 Africa F Hz 2 Africa F Hz 6. CALL /æ/ /æ/ /æ/ Native Speaker 2 /æ/ / / / / 152
23 2 /æ/ / / /a/ F2 / / natural Native Speaker Consolidation Tell me More ATR CALL Brix 100 i 153
24 ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x Debra Jones Sandra Lucore Native Speaker Gimson British English General American IPA Gimson 2008: 120 /ɒ/ / / Tell me More ATR CALL BRIX e-learning SIL Speech Analyzer 3 Transcription F1 F2 F3 F4 Yavaʂ 2011: 107 /æ/ /o/ Ogden 2009: /æ/ The symbol æ stands for three different qualities: most open is Australia, close stand frontest in RP and most central in American English. Native Speaker Stress Connected Speech p. 123 p
25 Appendix S1 S10 F1 F2 Hz F1 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 animals inhabit Africa Africa has camels giraffes parrots bats F2 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 animals inhabit Africa Africa has camels giraffes parrots bats D The Acoustic Analysis of Speech by Ray D. Kent and Chares Read: 1992 Kaibundo. Ashby, M and Maidment, J Introducing Phonetic Science. New York, Cambridge 155
26 University Press. Catford, J. C Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Clark, J, Yallop, C. and Fletcher, J 2007 An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Carlton, Blackwell Publishing. Cruttenden, A. Revised Gimson s Pronunciation of English. London. Hodder Education. Davenport, M. and Hannahs, S. J Introducing Phonetics and Phonology. London, Arnold. Dale, P and Poms L English Pronunciation Made Simple. New York, Longman. Fant, G Speech Sounds and Features, Massachusetts, The MIT Press Dictionary of Basic Phonetic Terms 2009 Holland, V. M. and fisher, F. P. eds The path of Speech Technologies in Computer Assisted Language Learning from Research toward Practice. New York, Routledge B. N The Speech Chain by Peter B. Denes and Elliot N Pinson: Ladefoged, P A Course in Phonetics. Orlando, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Ladefoged, P Phonetic Data Analysis. Carlton, Blackwell Publishing. Ladefoged, P Vowels and Consonants. Orlando, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Lodge, K A Critical Introduction to Phonetics. London, Continuum. Malmkjær, K The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia. Third Edition. New York, Routledge. Ogden, R An Introduction to English Phonetics. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Stevens, K. N Acoustic Phonetics. Cambridge, The MIT Press. inburgh, Edinburgh University Press.ia Third Edition, New York, Routledge.ackwell. Yavaʂ, M Applied English Phonology. Second Edition. Chichester, Wiley- Brlackwell. 156
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