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1 THE STATE OF THE WORLD S CHILDREN 2001

2

3 Copyright Marilyn Nolt 4 5

4 UNICEF/ /Pirozzi 6 7

5 UNICEF/ /Pirozzi 8 9

6 Sarath Perera/Sri Lanka :

7 1 UNICEF/ /Lemoyne 12 13

8 UNICEF/ /Pirozzi; UNICEF/India/Osan; UNICEF/ /Balaban E C D E C D

9 2 UNICEF/88-039/Nepal/Wright UNICEF/ /Lemoyne 16 17

10 Sarath Perera/Sri Lanka 18 19

11 UNICEF/ /Lemoyne 20 21

12 4 UNICEF/ /Schytte UNICEF/ /Jamaica/Alsbirk 22 23

13 5 Monica Newton/Peru 24 25

14 UNICEF/ /Thomas 27

15 UNICEF/ /Pirozzi 28 29

16 Pirozzi/Angola UNICEF/ /Lemoyne 30 31

17 UNICEF/ /Andrew UNICEF/ /Radhika Chalasani UNICEF/ /Salimullah Salim 32 33

18 UNICEF/ /Horner UNICEF/ /Lemoyne 34 35

19 UNICEF/Argentina/Rey UNICEF/Argentina/Rey

20 110% 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% 80% UNICEF/ /Pirozzi 38 39

21 Marilyn Nolt/USA 41

22 Photo: UNICEF/Babou/2000 UNICEF/81446/West Bank and Gaza/Pirozzi 42 43

23 7 UNICEF/ /Frank Fournier; UNICEF/ /Vilas; UNICEF/ /Dominica All credits to UNICEF India/Gurinder Osan UNICEF/ /Siddharth Dube; UNICEF India/Gurinder Osan; UNICEF India/Gurinder Osan; UNICEF India/Gurinder Osan 44 45

24 UNICEF/ /Barbour 47

25 E C D UNICEF/Manila/

26 UNICEF/3685/Sprague 50 51

27 E C D Yassin Hameed/Maldives UNICEF/ /Pirozzi 52 53

28 8 UNICEF/ /Schytte UNICEF/ /Toutounji 54 55

29 Pirozzi/Jordan 1. Shore, Rima, Rethinking the Brain: New insights into early development, Families and Work Institute, New York, 1997, p Goleman, Daniel, Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ, Bantam Books, New York, 1995, pp There have been several challenges to the belief that the window of opportunity is absolutely crucial for reaching one s potential, most notably John T. Bruer in The Myth of the First Three Years (The Free Press, New York, 1999) and Jerome Kagan in Three Seductive Ideas (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1998). 4. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2000, UNDP/ Oxford University Press, New York, 2000, p Evans, Judith L., with Robert G. Myers and Ellen M. Ilfeld, Early childhood counts, The World Bank, 2000, Washington, D.C. pp McCain, Margaret N., and J. Fraser Mustard, Reversing the real brain drain: Early years study, final report, Ontario, Canada, April 1999, p Ibid., p World Bank Lending on Early Child Development, World Bank Human Development Network, September 1998, pp United Nations Children s Fund, Programme Notes Brazil, Merhej, Rita Mufarrij, Jamal Chouaib and Rima Za Za, The Hadicat-as-Salam Programme for Special Education, First Steps: Stories on inclusion in early childhood education, UNESCO, Paris, pp Diamond, Marian and Janet Hopson, Magic Trees of the Mind, Plume Book, New York, 1999, pp Nathanielsz, Peter W., Life in the Womb: The origin of health and disease, Promethean Press, Ithaca, New York, 1999, pp United Nations Children s Fund, Programming for Safe Motherhood, UNICEF, New York, 1999, p Ibid., p LeVine, Robert A. et al., Improve The Women: Mass Schooling, Female Literacy and Worldwide Social Change (unpublished manuscript), February 2000, p Ibid., p Myers, Robert, The Twelve Who Survive: Strengthening programmes of early childhood development in the third world, 2nd ed., High/ Scope Press, Ypsilanti, Michigan, 1995, p United Nations Children s Fund, Poverty Reduction Begins with Children, UNICEF, New York, March 2000, p United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2000, UNDP/ Oxford University Press, New York, 2000, p Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic June 2000, UNAIDS, Geneva, p United Nations Children s Fund, Poverty Reduction Begins with Children, op. cit., p Ibid., p Hai District Early Childhood Care workshop in Moshi (Tanzania), 8 May United Nations Children s Fund, The Progress of Nations 1998, UNICEF, New York, 1998, p Andrews, Margaret, et al., Household Food Security in the United States, 1999, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 8, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Food and Rural Economics Division, Washington, D.C., Fall 2000, pp. 1 and Black, Maggie, Growing Up Alone: The hidden cost of poverty. UNICEF, United Kingdom Committee, February 2000, p United Nations Children s Fund, Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, Alexandre Zouev, ed., M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y., 1999, p Pan American Health Organization, Violence in the Americas: The social pandemic of the 20th century, Hayward, Ruth Finney, Breaking the Earthenware Jar, UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia, Kathmandu, Nepal,

30 30. United Nations Children s Fund, Equality, development and peace, New York, UNICEF, May 2000, section United Nations Children s Fund, Domestic Violence Against Women and Girls, Innocenti Digest No. 6, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence, June 2000, p Ibid., p Pan American Health Organization, Violence in the Americas, p Dinsmore, Christine, From Surviving to Thriving: Incest, feminism and recovery, State University of New York Press, New York, 1991, p Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Major armed conflicts, SIPRI Yearbook 2000: Armaments, disarmament and international security, SIPRI, Oxford University Press, Machel, Graça, Impact of Armed Conflict on Children, a report by the expert of the United Nations Secretary-General, A/51/306, 1996, pp. 9 and United Nations Children s Fund, Facts and Figures 1998, UNICEF, New York, August Goleman, Daniel, Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ, Bantam Books, New York, 1995, p Central Bank of Sri Lanka Annual Report 1999, p Arms for war derail Sri Lanka s defence budget, Reuters News Service, Colombo, 16 May Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic June 2000, UNAIDS, Geneva, p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid. 45. Ibid. 46. Ibid. 47. Ibid., p Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and the United Nations Children s Fund, Children Orphaned by AIDS: Front-line responses from eastern and southern Africa, UNICEF, New York, December 1999, p Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, op. cit., p Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and the United Nations Children s Fund, Children Orphaned by AIDS, op. cit., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p United Nations Children s Fund, UNICEF Namibia 1999 Annual Report (internal publication), UNICEF, Windhoek, Myers, Robert G., Early Childhood Care and Development: A global review, , The Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development, February 2000, p McCain and Mustard, op. cit., p Boocock, Sarane Spence, Early Childhood Programs in Other Nations: Goals and outcomes, The Future of Children, Vol. 5, No. 3, Winter 1995 [ 58. Ibid. 59. Karoly, Lynn A. et al., Investing in Our Children: What we know and don t know about the costs and benefits of early childhood interventions, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, 1998, p The results of longitudinal studies on the effects of early childhood care interventions in the United States are reported fully in Karoly, Lynn A., et al, Investing in Our Children, and in Myers, Robert, The Twelve Who Survive, op. cit., p World Bank, Boosting Poor Children s Chances: Early childhood development services for poor children in Brazil (draft policy report), 30 August 1999, p United Nations Children s Fund, Poverty Reduction Begins with Children, op. cit., p Vandemoortele, Jan, Absorbing social shocks, protecting children and reducing poverty: The role of basic social services, UNICEF Staff Working Paper, UNICEF, New York, January 2000, p Bruce, Judith, et al., Families in Focus: New perspectives on mothers, fathers and children, The Population Council, New York, 1995, p Ibid., p

31 This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties

32 55% 74% 69% % % 52% 37% 15% % 71% % 84% 42% 72% % 17% 33% 41%

33 59% 51% 87% 79% 78% 64% 97% 96% 89% 90% 92% 90% 64 65

34

35

36 x x 40x d x 88x x 37x x x 41x x x 63x x 33x x x x x b x 59x x 43x x x x 38x x x a x x 42x x x 60x x x x x d - 100x x 44x x x x 54x x 12x 56x x x 100x d x

37 x 45x x x c - 98x 103x x x x 39x x x x x x x 3x 63x x 49x x 97x x 48 24x 14x x x x 107x 19x 44x x x x x 40x x b

38 4 20x x x x x x x 4x 10x 7x x x x x 1x 4x 7x x 165 6x x 49x - 6x 1x x x - 4x 56x x x x x 66x 73x 37x 11x 9x 43x 15 80x x x x x 2x 6x 16x x x x x 43x 86x 27x 17x 3x 4x 21x x x x 47x 12x x x 6x 8x 24x x x 0x 2x 2x x x x 0x 2x 6x x 29x 52x 34x 17x 0x 2x 34x x x x x x 1x 8x 3x - 31x 175 4x x x 29x x x x 3x 83x 25x x x x x 0x 2x 3x x 51x 31x 67x 53x 21x 18x 52x x x x x x x x x - 11x 28x x 175 9x x x - 3x 12x x x 12x 11x 47x x x x x x x x x 29x x 36x 21x x x x x 2x 2x 23x x

39 65 16x 22x 65x 23x 26x 6x 9x 28x x x x x x x - 11x 23x x x x 6x 6x 43x x x x x x 1x 3x 8x x 18 17x 90x 68x 85x x x x x x x 0x 2x 5x x - 94x 41x 29x - 9x 35x x x x 4x 7x 27x x x x 24x 60x 66x x 14x 45x 44x 34x 11x 13x 33x x x x - 1x 30x x x x x 30 14x x x - 6x 16x x x x 10x 39x 16x 7x 0x 4x 5x x 12x - 16x x x x 154 6x x x x 0x 1x 2x x x x x x x 1x 3x 13x x x x x 93x 26x x

40 x x x x x x x 85x x x x x x x 97x x x x 96x x x x 98x 99x 98x x x x 100x 98x 94x x x x x x 99x 99x 98x x 78 79

41 x x 92x 93x x x 95x 95 91x x x x 98x 100x 96x x x x 81x 78x x x x x 99x 99x 96x x x x x

42 x 15x x 98x x x x 7x 56x 29x x 88x x x x 96x x 45x 29x x x 91x x x 32x x 9x 4x x 91x x 69x 41 21x 20x x 13x x 80x x 37x x 84x x 99x x x x 52x x 2x x 87x 95x 95x 47 40x 34x x x 96x x 84x 89x x 96x x 94x 71 31x 36x x 91x x 63x 67x x 6x x 99x x 100x x 99x 100x x 54x x x 23x x 89x 86x 85x 68x x 71x 71x 70x 51x 32x 22x x x 101x x 15x 6x x 42x 48 21x 16x x 93x x 79x x 53x - 31x 12x x 19x x x 110x 97x 96x x 95x x 100x x 46x x 94x 84x 86x x 76x x x 43x x 100x x x 49x x x 62x x 93x x 93x 58x 34x 47x x x 55x x x 35x x x x 65x x 45x x 30x 82 83

43 x 79x x 25x x 74x x 21x x 33x 28x x x x 17x x x 102x 91x 91x x 60x 65x x 67x 32x 31x x 93x x 87x x 85x 69 71x 75x x x 111x x 107x 93x 93x x 91x x 61x 60x 12x 9x x x x 358x x 62x x 41x x 13x x 92x x x x x x 90x x 14x 7 8x 1x 36x 14x x 9x 13x 7x 21x 13x - 10x 6x x x x 52x x 125x 100x 100x x 50x 58x x 80x x 107x x 94x 88x x 68x x 91x x 37x x 64x x x 97x x 80x x 63x 55x x 86x x 88x 94x x 99x x x 87x x x 107x 76x 72x x 18x x 41x x 40x x 70x x x 34x 21x

44

45

46 4 250x x x 7x 6x x 161 d x 15x 34x x x.- 3.5x x x x x 0x x.- 1.5x x x 11x 10x x x.- 1.0x x - 5x x x 12x 5x x x 31x 17x b x x x x x x x x 0x x x x x x x x x 8x x x x x 9 110x x x x x x 12x 4x x x 1.0x 2-17x 1x 7x x x x x x 11x 29x x x 3x 4x x x 19x 7x x x x x x x 2x x 8x 4x x 11x 8x x x a x x 0.6x 13.3x -1x x 0x x x x x 5 490x x 11x 9x 73 7x 8 3x x x d x x 21x 4x x x x x 10x x x 0x x x x 18x 13x x x x x x x 12x 5x x x x x x 9x 8x x x 23x x x x x x 175 d x x x 10x 35x x x x 18 8x 90 91

47 x 22x 7x x x x 3x 3x x x x x - 5x x 2x 31x c x x x 16x 11x x x x 11x 6x x x x x 0x x x 5x 26x x x x x x 4.0x -2.4x 1-6x 14x 36x x x x 10x 13x 10x x x 0x x x x 7 120x x - 1x 2x 38x 80 10x 2 25x x x x x.- 0.1x x x x 8x 16x x x x x x 20x 11x x 13x x x x x x 15x 26x x x x x 0x x x x x x 20x 6x x x x 119 b x x

48 x 19 8x x x x 93x x x x x - 100x x - 100x x 62x - 100x x x x x - 100x x 47x 65 77x x 19x 73 15x x x x 116x x x - 100x x x 9 24x x x - 100x x x x x x x x 8x x 79 99x x x x - 99x x - 100x x x 138x x x x x x 32x x - 100x x 83 99x x x 96 44x x 80x 100x x x x x 1x x 18x x x - 99x x x 73 34x x 51 54x x x 106x x x - 100x x x 59x - 100x x x 39 72x x x x 71 98x x x 36 14x x x - 50x x 6x 14 58x x 100x x x 106x x x x x x x x x 13 40x x 75 97x x x

49 x 81 68x x x x - 95x x x x - 100x x x - 99x x 108x 58x x x - 99x x 66x - 98x x x - 99x x 110x x 21x 83 26x x x x 31 86x x x 59x 4x x - 100x x x x 67x 25x 55 85x x 50x 60x 1x 16 2x x - 96x x 91 94x x 62 86x x 116x x x 96 56x x - 100x x 99x 94x 71x - 99x x 94 76x x x x x 95 92x x - 98x x x x 107x x - 98x x - 99x x x 78x 15x 78 79x x x x

50 99 98

51 > > x > > x x > x > > > x > x > > > > > > > > > > x > > > > > x > > > x 1.0x > > > > > > > x >33 5.8x > x 13.3x > > > > > > > >33 2.1x > > x x > > x

52 > > > x > > > x x > > x -2.4x > > x > > > x > > x > > x > > > x > x > > >

53 THE STATE OF THE WORLDS CHILDREN 2001

Baylies, C. (2000). Perspectives on gender and AIDS in Africa. In C. Baylies & J. Bujra with the Gender and AIDS Group (Eds.), AIDS, Sexuality and Gender in Africa (pp.1-24). London: Routledge Chege, F.

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