Bashshār al-asad Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat: PYD Yekînêyen Parastina Gel: YPG Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan: PKK PKK YPG 2

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1 27 1 Barack Obama Islamic State: IS Donald Trump IS

2 Bashshār al-asad Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat: PYD Yekînêyen Parastina Gel: YPG Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan: PKK PKK YPG IS YPG IS 3 P5+1 5 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: JCPOA Gulf Cooperation Council: GCC

3 National Transformation Program: NTP Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries: OPEC 8 GCC IS IS IS IS IS 5 IS IS IS 6 7 Fethullah Gülen 4 5 IS , ,080 6

4 Staffan de Mistura NGO Physicians for Human Rights: PHR bureaucratic blockage NGO Stephen O Brien 13 Economic and Social Comission for Western Asia: ESCWA ,596 1,697 GDP 899 GDP

5 IS , IS

6 International Syria Support Group: ISSG ISSG Vladimir Putin IS

7 United Nations Development Programme: UNDP 18 David Leonard 19 2 Aron Lund 20

8 militiafication Cody Roche Frederic Wehrey localized security 22 Popular Mobilization Unit local council Non Governmental Organization: NGO Internally Displaced Persons: IDP Rana Khalaf 23 Jihad Yazigi

9 24 IDP Paul Prettitore IDP 25 IDP 1, OCHA ,860 6,

10 3 Security Sector Reform: SSR Hassar, Younes The Middle East Needs a Westphalian Moment not New Borders, International Policy Digest, June 7, IHS Markit AFP, October 9, ,000 Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Gülen Movement, Muslim Networks and Movements in Western Europe, Pew Research Center, 2010, pp.13, Ibid, p John Butler and Dov Friedman, The Roots of Gulenist Power in Turkey: The Coup and After, Foreign Affairs, August 2, OCHA, Syria Crisis: Regional Overview: About Crisis, [ syria-country-profile/about-crisis] accessed on December 20, OCHA 643, Al Jazeera, April 23, Khaddour, Kheder, The Assad Regime s Hold on the Syrian State, Carnegie Middle East Center, July Physicians for Human Rights, Anatomy of a Crisis: A Map of Attacks on Health Care in Syria, [ s3.amazonaws.com/phr_syria_map/web/index.html] accessed on December 19, UN Security Council, Implementation on Security Council Resolutions 2139 (2014), 2165 (2014), 2191 (2014) and 2258 (2015): Report of the Secretary-General, S/2016/796, September 16, 2016, para Lynch, Colum, U.N. s Fear of Angering Assad Leaves Gap in Syria Aid Effort, Foreign Policy, December 30, 2014; Sparrow, Annie, Aiding Disaster: How the United Nations OCHA Helped Assad and Hurt Syrians in Need, Foreign Affairs, February 1, Gladstone, Rick, 73 Syrian Aid Groups Suspend Cooperation with U.N., The New York Times, September 8, O Brien, Stephen, The UN Is Impartial in Syria As It Is Elsewhere, The Guardian, September 1, ESCWA and University of St. Andrews, Syria at War: Five Years On, 2016, pp.14, 15.

11 15 Mazzetti, Mark, Anne Barnard and Eric Schmitt, Military Success in Syria Gives Putin Upper Hand in U.S. Proxy War, The New York Times, August 6, Klein, Margarete, Russia s Military: On the Rise?, Transatlantic Academy Paper Series , No.2, March Jabhat Fatḥ al-shām Hayʼat Taḥrīr al- Shām Tahrir al-sham: Al-Qaeda s latest incarnation in Syria, BBC, February 12, UNDP, Governance for Peace: Securing the Social Contract, 2012, pp.18, Leonard, David K., Ferdinand Mugumo Mushi, and James Vincent, Social Contracts and Security in Sub- Saharan African Conflict States: The Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone and Somalia, Paper for presentation to the African Studies Association, November Lund, Aron, Assad s Broken Base: The Case of Idlib, The Century Foundation, July 14, Roche, Cody, Assad Regime Militias and Shi ite Jihadis in the Syrian Civil War, Bellingcat, November 30, 2016, [ accessed on December 10, Wehrey, Frederic and Ariel Ahram, The National Guard In Iraq: A Risky Strategy to Combat the Islamic State, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 23, Khalaf, Rana, Governance without Government in Syria: Civil Society and State Building during Conflict, Syria Studies, Vol.7, No.3, 2015, p Yazigi, Jihad, Syria s War Economy, European Council on Foreign Relations, April 2014, p Prettitore, Paul, Will Forcibly Displaced Syrians Get Their Land Back?, Brookings, July 21, OCHA, Global Humanitarian Overview 2017, [ accessed on January 3, 2017.

1 AKP 11 AKP AKP EU 300 AKP Ahmet Davutoğlu Binali Yıldırım AKP EU Pelikan Dosyası 2 Cemil Barslas AKP

1 AKP 11 AKP AKP EU 300 AKP Ahmet Davutoğlu Binali Yıldırım AKP EU Pelikan Dosyası 2 Cemil Barslas AKP 4 4 2016 7 15 129 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi: AKP 2016 2016 7 15 Fethullah Gülen AKP 2012 1 2011 4 2015 2016 3 European Union: EU Islamic State: IS Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan: PKK2015